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IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
MLT 110: IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Immunohematology is the study of | immunological (antigen/antibody) reactions based on blood cell |
| What is Blood Banking/Transfusion Medicine? | The storage, collection, and processing of blood products for the purpose of transfusion |
| Describe agglutination | Aggregation/clumping of cells as a result of antigen/antibody reactions |
| What is the general criteria for people who would be able to donate whole blood? | they must be in good health and feeling well (day-of), minimum of 110lbs, aged 17 (or 16 w/parental consent), and fill out a questionnaire with questions that may indicate towards bloodborne disease, if selected as yes |
| Anti-sera= | antibody |
| In ABO Typing, what antigens are present in Type A blood? | A antigens |
| True or False: Antigens present themselves in plasma | False |
| Antibodies present themselves in (plasma/serum) | Plasma |
| What are the main characteristics of Type B+ | Type B positive blood contains antibodies for A, antigens for B, and is positive for D |
| What blood type has antigens for A, antibodies for B, and negative presence of D? | Type A- |
| RBCs are coated with (blank) that trigger interaction with their corresponding antibodies during immunological responses | antigens |
| Why is performing blood type compatibility and crossmatching important in transfusion medicine? | If someone is given O+ as a B- recipient, then the Rh antibodies will trigger an immune response that may, ultimately, lyse the recipient's RBCs |
| Which blood type lacks A and B antigens? | Type O |
| Which is the universal blood type, and why? | Type O-; it lacks Rh presence, and antigens for A and B, so when the blood gets transfused from donor to recipient, it will not trigger an immunological response |
| Describe Reverse Typing | This is done with cells that have a known antigen and are mixed with unknown serum/plasma to confirm agglutination |
| What is Forward Typing? | RBC cell typing for antigens found on the surface |
| What is the purpose of Rh typing? | Testing for the presence of D antigen of the Rh group to improve methods of transfusion and minimize immunological responses |
| What is the purpose of Compatibility and cross-matching in blood typing? | Determines which blood is used to transfuse to recipients |
| How is a compatibility and cross-matching conducted? | We take the selected blood type, extrapolate the serum from the recipient and test is against the donor's RBCs to detect antibodies (or uses the recipient's serum to test against other cells) |
| If a patient is suffering from acute blood loss, resulting in a hefty depletion in blood volume, what type of blood product would be used? | whole blood |
| Why would packed red blood cells (PRBC) be the best blood product to use for someone who is anemic, or is in need of a massive transfusion/active bleeding? | PRBCs remove the majority of the plasma, maximizing oxygen carrying capacity |
| If a patient is suffering from active liver failure, what blood product would they need and why? | Fresh frozen plasma; contains all coagulation factors |
| If patient is scheduled for a strenuous surgery, what blood product would be administered? | Platelets |
| Platelets, aside from being selected for surgical procedures, is giving to patients who have | functional or quantitative platelet defect |
| For people who have clotting factor deficiencies like Hemophilia or von Willebrand disease, what blood product would be used and why? | Cryoprecipitate; it contains fibrinogen and other clotting cascade proteins |
| Why do units of blood expire? | RBCs last approximately 120 days |
| What immunohematology detection method is considered the Golden Standard, and why? | Agglutination Method - Traditional tube testing; you can use a higher volume of specimen to get clearer answers, and multiple tubes can be used at once to type multiple patients |
| Rather than using a large slide to do multiple agglutination patient tests, traditional tube testing is utilized to prevent | cross-contamination |
| Describe Sensitization | the adherence of an antibody to its respective antigen, as a result of the Ag-Ab ratio, as well as the temperature changes caused by the reaction |
| Describe Agglutination | Agglutination drives the cells together to form a network of clumped erythrocytes |
| Within the Grading Agglutination Reaction, what would hemolysis look like? | A faint orange patch within the bottom half of the tube |
| Within the Grading Agglutination Reaction, what would a 4+ indicate? | Strongest blood between RBCs |
| Within the Grading Agglutination Reaction, a hazy red background with some scattered clumps would indicate towards what grade? | 2+ |
| Within the Grading Agglutination Reaction, a 3+ grade would be seen as | 2-3 clumps |
| What would a negative result within the Grading Agglutination Reaction look like? | saturated red hue, milky texture |
| What method of immunohematology detection involves the usage of specific beads in gel to control the centrifugation of erythrocytes? | Acrylamide Gel Column Method |
| Within the Gel Method, what would a negative reaction look like? | The RBCs pass through the gel and submerge to the bottom |
| In the Gel Method, the adherence of RBC antibodies, varying in size or physical forces, would be an indicator of what qualitative reaction? | Positive |
| Within the Gel Method's grading, what would a solid band indicate? | 4+ (strongest bond) |
| Within the Gel Method's grading, a 3+ grade means that | the majority of the RBCs have clumped |
| Can hemolysis occur in the Gel Method? Why or why not? | It is not applicable; it utilizes anticoagulant plasma |
| Within the Gel Method's grading, agglutination along the tube in a scattered manner would be (what grade)? | 2+ |
| Within the Gel Method's grading, having a majority of the lower half of the tube having RBCs there, this would receive what grade? | 1+ |
| In the Gel Method, the grading varies on the amount of (blank) on the surface of RBCs | antigenic expression |
| What immunohematology method involves the usage of microwells coated with Ab or RBCs to identify the presence of anitgens or antibodies, when it is added to plasma/serum, incubated, washed, and centrifugated? | Solid Phase Adherence |
| For antibody detection, while using the Solid Phase Adherence, a positive reaction would be seen when | the RBCs have been spread all along the bottom of the microwell |
| For antigen detection, using the Solid Phase Adherence method, a negative reaction would be seen when | the cells do not adhere to the walls of the microplate, forming a button |
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