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IMMUNOLOGY
MLT 110: IMMUNOLOGY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the main defense systems our body has to protect us from pathogenic invaders? | external (skin/mucus) and innate immune response (inflammation and phagocytic cells) |
| Define the Adaptive Immune response | The production of antibodies in response to antigenic presence, and the ability to determine between self and non-self cells |
| What is an autoimmune disease, as in how does it occur? | It is caused by antibodies that are cannot distinguish between pathogen and self cells |
| What is Serology? | The study of antibodies developed in the blood in response to pathogenic presence |
| Define Immunology | The study of antigen/antibody relations in vitro |
| What is an antigen? | a foreign/non-self substance that triggers a bodily immune response |
| Which antibody is considered the first responder against pathogenic invasion? | IgM |
| What cells produce antibodies in response to an antigen? | B-lymphocyte cells and plasma cells |
| What dimer antibody class is found in secretions and is transferred from mother to fetus during development? | IgA |
| What antibody classes are involved in histamine reactions? | IgE/IgD |
| IgG is responsible for producing | Memory cells |
| Define an immunoassay | a test that uses antigen and antibody reactions to determine the presence of a certain substance, or detect the presence of an antigen or an antibody |
| Why is the equivalence zone relevant within immunoassays? | In order for the testing to be fair, there needs to be an equal amount of antigens and antibodies, alongside an equal amount of binding sites for proper distribution |
| What are the 5 major immunology tests? | HCG, Heterophile Antibodies, ANA, RF Factor, Flocculation |
| True or False: Immunoassays are mostly qualitative | True |
| Describe the principle of immunoassays. | Specific antibodies will bind with specific antigens, so it is important that antibodies have a high affinity and avidity to bind to the antigen of interest |
| What is the difference between Affinity and Avidity? | Affinity describes initial attraction/likelihood to bind, while Avidity looks at how long they can maintain a bond/likelihood to separate |
| What kind of immunoassay would not contain labelled analytes and results would be visually observed through agglutination or precipertation? | Unlabled Immunoassay |
| Describe Sequential Non-Competitive Immunoassay | The patient sample is mixed with excessive antibody amount. Once the binding reaches equilibrium, the labeled analyte is added and binds to open antibody sites |
| Unlabeled analyte= | patient sample |
| Describe a Competitive Immunoassay | When a labeled analyte competes with the patient sample (unlabled) for antibody binding sites |
| Describe a Sandwich Non-Competitive Immunoassay | The patient sample binds to antibody (has solid phase support), a labeled analyte is added that then reacts with a secondary antigenic site on the original unlabeled analyte |
| What is the difference between Antigen Detection and Antibody Detection? | Antigen - we're trying to figure out if the pathogen is currently active Antibody - do you have immunity, a long-term infection/has the pathogen been exposed to you already? |
| Define a Non-Competitive Immunoassay | it uses an excessive antigen OR antibody amount and adds it to a patient sample to detect a specific antibody OR antigen |
| Therapeutic Drug Use utilizes which Immunoassay method? | Competitive |
| Describe a Heterogenous Assay | Requires physical separation to distinguish between a free-labeled and bound-labeled reagent |
| A Homogenous Assay's activity is dependent on | the reactant being free or labeled |
| What separation technique requires particles to trap an antigen, go through centrifugation, and the free-antigen precipitate? | Adsorption |
| Describe the Precipitation detection method? | The solubility of the protein is directly affected by the distortion of its environment. After centrifugation, the bound-labeled antigen will precipitate, while free-labeled antigens will be the supernatant |
| What separation technique involves the bonding of an analyte to magnetic beads, that are then held up to a magnet until all the liquid is poured off? | Solid Phase |
| What is the purpose of the Solid Phase detection method? | To immobilize reagent antibody or antigen |
| What labeled immunoassay involves the binding of an enzyme and solid phase separation to produce a color change? | ELISA |
| What homogenous labeled immunoassay involves unlabeled analyte competing with a fluorescein-labeled analyte for antibody binding sight? | FPIA |
| Describe FPIA's purpose | It uses a light to excite fluorescent labels and compare the emission detected in relation to patient sample concentration; the higher concentration in the sample, the lower the fluorescence detected |
| Describe MEIA | involves microparticle-coating on an antibody that is then added to a patient sample, which may contain the antigen in question. When the fluorescent enzyme is added, it will cause a sandwich to occur between it and the analyte, trapping the antigen i |
| What homogenous immunoassay utilizes a sandwich technique using a fluorescent enzyme and patient sample to trap the antigen in question? | MEIA |
| What homogenous immunoassay has a drug-bound enzyme within the patient sample that competes for a binding site against an antibody, bound to another specific drug? | EMIT |
| In EMIT, the (blank) will change based on (blank), | enzyme; antigen/antibody interactions |
| What homogenous labled immunoassay is able to detect minute analyte quantities by generating light photons through chemical reaction? | Chemiluminescence |
| Describe Chemiluminescence, as it relates to Labled Immunoassay techniques. | Light is produced from an antigen/antibody reaction that causes the substrate to be created for measurement |
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