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A&P Chap 9 & 11
Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which kind(s) of muscle utilize gap junctions? (select ALL that apply) skeletal cardiac multi-unit smooth unitary smooth | Cardiac and Smooth |
| Which is smallest: fascicle sarcomere muscle fiber myofibril | Sarcomere |
| Which term designates the cell plasma membrane in muscle: | Sarcolemma |
| Thin filaments are composed of: | Actin |
| F-actin is a polymer made up of smaller, spherical monomers called: | G Actin |
| Which protein in skeletal muscle binds Ca2+ to start cross-bridge cycling: | Troponin |
| In Cross-bridge cycling (CBC), detachment of myosin from actin (i.e., disruption of a "cross-bridge") coincides with: | ATP binding to myosin |
| A muscle fiber at rest has high extracellular _____ amounts. | Na+ |
| _________ is the term that means to go from resting membrane potential down to a more negative membrane potential. | Hyperpolarization |
| Which of these events occurs last: vesicle fusion/release Ca2+-influx into presynaptic terminal end plate potential (EPP) ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft | End plate potential |
| Which channel in the sarcolemma is responsible for the end plate potential (EPP): | ACH Receptor |
| Which channel in the sarcolemma is responsible for the "depolarization" component of the muscle action potential: | Voltage gated sodium channels |
| Which of these steps in excitation-contraction coupling occurs last: end plate potential (EPP) action potential (AP) travels down T tubules cross-bridge cycling Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | Cross bridge cycling |
| ACh receptors are... | ligand gated ion channels |
| The composition of a motor unit includes only 1 ______. | motor neuron |
| The ______ phase of a muscle twitch corresponds to cross-bridge cycling. | contraction |
| Which of these is NOT a factor that typically determines the strength of a graded contraction: Troponin amount Frequency of APs (Hz) Degree of stretch Recruitment (# of muscle fibers) | Troponin amount |
| ATP is required in muscle in order to _________. | pump Na+/K+ ions across the membrane |
| Which method of ATP regeneration is most efficient: | aerobic pathway |
| Which type of muscle fiber gets the largest: | Fast glycolytic |
| Which of the following proteins is absent in smooth muscle: | Troponin |
| Select 2 answers: What are the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? Motor (efferent) division Parasympathetic division Sensory (afferent) division Sympathetic division | Motor (efferent) Division Sensory (afferent) Division |
| Which glial cell has an immune-related function: | Microglial Cells |
| Which glial cell is ciliated and lines the ventricles, which contain cerebrospinal fluid: | Ependymal Cells |
| Which glial cell type myelinates neuronal axons of the PNS: | Schwann Cells |
| Which part of a neuron generates and conducts electrical output (sending information to 'downstream' cell): | Axon |
| Dendrites form the __________ part of a synapse. | Post synaptic |
| Myelination increases the ________ of action potentials. | Speed |
| Closing ion channels in a cell membrane will __________. | decrease current |
| Opening of a ligand-gated Na+ channel occurs in ________. | An EPSP |
| ______________ are propagated. | action potentials |
| The voltage-gated Na+ channel _______ gate closes at about +30mV. | inactivation |
| Which of these is NOT a way in which stimulus intensity is encoded by neurons: Speed of action potentials Amount of neurotransmitter released Amount of calcium influx at axon terminal Amplitude of graded (local) potentials | Speed of action potentials |
| _________ are proteins that cause exocytosis of neurotransmitter (via synaptic vesicle fusion with the cell plasma membrane). | SNAREs |
| Neurotransmitter ____________ is achieved, for example, by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. | degradation |
| Opening of a ligand-gated Na+ channel occurs in ________. | an EPSP |
| Opening of a ligand-gated Cl- channel occurs in _________. | an IPSP |
| A single synapse receiving two EPSPs that are very close together in time will result in: | Temporal Summation |
| ___________ occur in dendrites. | Graded (local) potentials |
| The major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS is: | GABA |
| Which of the following neurotransmitters is a member of the Biogenic Amines: Glutamate GABA Histamine Acetylcholine | Histamine |
| A dopaminergic neuron is one that __________ dopamine. | secretes |
| Parkinson's Disease is characterized by loss of ______ neurons. | Dopaminergic |
| Motivation and reward (or reinforcement) is mediated primarily by ___________ in the CNS and is the target of drugs of abuse such as heroin. | Dopamine |
| The salient chemical found in cannabis (marijuana) mimics: | Anandamide (an endocannabinoid) |
| Serotonin is involved in: | Depression and anxiety |
| A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is will ____________. | Increase activation of serotonin receptors |
| The ______ phase of a muscle twitch corresponds to removal of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasm. | Relaxation |
| In _____ muscle contraction, the length of the muscle does NOT shorten. | Isometric |
| Select 2 answers: What are the two main parts of the autonomic nervous system? parasympathetic sympathetic Motor (efferent) division Sensory (afferent) division | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| Which part of the neuron is the "trigger" (or decision point) from which an action potential originates? | axon hillock |
| A muscle fiber at rest has high extracellular _____ amounts. | Na+ |
| Which of these events occurs first: end plate potential (EPP) ACh bind receptors Ca2+-influx into presynaptic terminal vesicle fusion | Ca2+ influx into presynaptic terminal |
| Which part of a neuron generates and conducts electrical output (sending information to 'downstream' cell): | axon |
| Neurotransmitter reuptake ____________ the amount of neurotransmitter within the synaptic cleft (space). | Decreases |
| Dopamine functions in (or is involved in): (select the best answer) | Motor coordination |
| Cocaine blocks reuptake of _________. | dopamine |
| Opening of a voltage-gated Na+ channel occurs in ________. | an action potential |
| A single synapse receiving two EPSPs that are very close together in time will result in: | temporal summation |
| The ______ phase of a muscle twitch corresponds to removal of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasm. | relaxation |
| Which is smallest: Muscle fiber Sarcomere Fascicle Troponin | Troponin |
| Closing ion channels in a cell membrane will __________. | decrease current |
| Which cell type connects CNS neurons to their blood/nutrition supply: | astrocytes |
| _____________directly binds to and uses ATP. | Myosin |
| _____________ directly binds to Ca2+ | Troponin |
| During the Cross-bridge Cycle (CBC), ATP is hydrolyzed (or “burnt”) during: | "cocking" of myosin head |
| ______ is an O2-storage molecule. | myglobin |
| In ____________ smooth muscle, cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions | unitary |
| The ________ is a Ca2+-storage site that releases Ca2+ during muscle fiber cell activation | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Resting membrane potential of a cell is typically | negative |
| At rest, ______ levels are high inside the cell. | K+ Potassium |
| he channels that underlie the Action Potential are _________ -gated | voltage |
| _________ is a neurotransmitter. a. Na+ b. Ca2+ c. Acetylcholine (ACh) d. Troponin | Acetylcholine ATP |
| ___________ is the signal that triggers vesicle fusion in the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron | Ca2+ Calcium |
| The depolarization phase of an action potential is due to ______ influx. | Na+ Sodium |
| The ACh-receptor is a(n) ______ -gated channel. | Ligand |
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling (ECC) corresponds to the _______ phase of a muscle twitch | Latency |
| According to the size principle of muscle fiber recruitment | small fibers are recruited first |
| Which method of ATP-regeneration is fastest: | Direct phosphorylation via creatine phosphate |
| Which types of muscle fibers have the following characteristics: high myoglobin content, reddish color, many mitochondria | Fast/Slow Oxidative |
| The Ca2+-sensor in smooth muscle is | Calmodulin |
| Myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates myosin to ______________ it | activate |
| Which type of smooth muscle is capable of graded contractions: | multi unit |
| Which term designates the cell plasma membrane in muscle: | Sarcolemma |
| Which protein of the sarcomere hydrolyzes ATP: | myosin |
| In Cross-bridge cycling (CBC), detachment of myosin from actin (i.e., disruption of a "cross-bridge") coincides with: | ATP binding to myosin |
| The neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is: | acetylcholine |
| Which channel in the sarcolemma is responsible for the "depolarization" component of the muscle action potential: | voltage gated sodium channels |
| Which of these steps in excitation-contraction coupling occurs last: action potential (AP) travels down T tubules end plate potential (EPP) Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) cross-bridge cycling | cross bridge cycling |
| ACh receptors are located... | in synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter |
| In _____ muscle contraction, the length of the muscle does NOT shorten. | Isometric |
| The ______ phase of a muscle twitch corresponds to excitation-contraction coupling. | latency |
| Which is not a real muscle fiber type: slow oxidative fast glycolytic fast oxidative slow glycolytic | slow glycolytic |
| Which glial cell has an immune-related function: | microglial |
| Which glial cell myelinates neurons of the CNS: | oligodendrocytes |
| Which glial cell type myelinates neuronal axons of the PNS: | Schwann Cell |
| Intracellular transport (e.g., of proteins or mRNAs) from a neuronal soma to the axon terminal is called: | anterograde transport |
| Myelination increases the ________ of action potentials. | speed |
| Opening ion channels in a cell membrane will __________. | decrease resistance |
| The voltage-gated Na+ channel _______ gate is opened by membrane potential above -55mV. | activation |
| Opening of a ligand-gated Na+ channel occurs in ________. | an EPSP |
| Opening of a ligand-gated Cl- channel occurs in _________. | an IPSP |
| A single neuron receiving two EPSPs that originate simultaneously from different synapses will result in: | spatial summation |
| The major excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS is: | Glutamate |
| Which of the following neurotransmitters is a member of the Biogenic Amines: Glutamate GABA Acetylcholine Histamine | Histamine |
| Neurotransmitters are released from ________ in a synapse. | Presynaptic neurons |
| Motivation and reward (or reinforcement) is mediated primarily by ___________ in the CNS and is the target of drugs of abuse such as heroin. | dopamine |
| CB1 receptors in the CNS are activated by: | Anandamine (an endocannabinoid) |
| Anhedonia means _______. | inability to experience pleasure |
| Which glial cell is ciliated and lines the ventricles, which contain cerebrospinal fluid: | ependymal |
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