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MICROBIOLOGY INTRO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the principle of Microbiology? In other words, what is the Microbiology department's function within the clinical lab? | the isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganism |
| Define normal flora | microbes within the human body that do not cause disease |
| What are the 5 specialties/divisions of study within the Microbiology department? | Bacteriology, Virology, Parasitology, Mycology, Rickettsiology |
| What is the first step in microorganism identification? | Gram staining |
| What are tests used to further classify a microorganism? In other words, what are some follow-up tests done after Gram staining? | Biochemical and Enzymatic tests |
| What is the last step in microorganism identification? | Antibiotic Susceptibility |
| Why do gram positive and gram negative bacteria stained differently? | Based on the density of their peptidoglycan walls (Gram (+) = thicker, Gram (-) = thinner) |
| Gram stained bacteria are characterized based on | color (pos=purple, neg=pink), shape (cocci, bacilli), orientation (diplo, tetrad), and organization (chain, clusters) |
| If we are trying to further classify a gram positive organism, which enzymatic test would be considered the most pivitol? | Catalase test |
| Biochemical and Enzymatic reactions are identified based on | Color change, media discoloration, or gas formation (bubbles) |
| Describe the difference between Antibiotic susceptibility and Antibiotic resistance | Susceptibility=an antibiotics ability to inhibit growth Resistance=evolution of bacteria to resist inhibition from medication |
| Define MIC | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is the lowest presence of antibiotic necessary to inhibit bacterial growth |
| Why is Antibiotic Susceptibility testing and MIC comparison important for antibiotic selection? | It is used to determine the best medication to treat a patient's bacterial infection with the least amount of toxic side effects towards them |
| What is the difference between yeast and molds? | Yeast are unicellular organisms that are detected through biochem testing, while Molds are identified microscopically via projections called hyphae mycelium |
| What kind of parasite poses no harm to the host (or themselves)? | Commensal Facilitative |
| Regardless of whether or not a parasite causes harm to the host, it is dependent on the host for | survival |
| What is required to promote bacteria to grow prior to identification? | incubation at room temperature (37 degrees Celsius) |
| After growing colonies of bacteria, what is the next step in identifying the organism? | Gram staining |
| What type of detection method is used to identify color changes? | Photometry |
| What is the usage of these various detection methods in Clinical Microbiology? | - microorganism identification - determine antibiotic susceptibility - measure microorganism growth in blood cultures - molecular diagnostic testing |
| Describe Colorimetry? | it uses an organism's substrate to initiate a change in pH and color after exposure to a specific bacteria |
| VITEK Test card test change depending on the | initial gram stain |
| What do VITEK Test Cards contain? | microwellls with different antimicrobials/substrates to assess susceptibility and identification |
| What method of detection is used to record microbial growth? | Turbidometry |
| Describe Turbidometry, as it relates to Microbiology | Light transmission is proportional to the amount of growth ("Growth" or "No Growth"). This is important for MIC analysis to determine antibiotic resistance or susceptibility |
| Antimicrobial Susceptibilities are performed using what Detection Method? | Turbidometry |
| Describe MALDI | A microbial sample is mixed with a solid matrix that is then exposed to UV light/nitrogen laser. The light is converted into heat energy that is quickly generated until it vaporizes part of the matrix and suspends the mixture of ions |
| Describe TOF MS (Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry) | The charged ions will drift until they reach a detector, which would sort the ions based on their mass. Lighter + highly charged ions will move faster towards the detector |
| Summarize what MALDI-TOF is and why it is used in more modern labs? | Soft ionization that utilizes a matrix-sample mixture, isolates it via UV beam vaporization, and measures how long the charged ions take to run through the detector (based on mass and charge) to identify the bacteria. It shortens identification time |
| How is bacteria identified based on CO2 formation? | Bact/Alert: The presence of CO2 causes the sensor to permanently change yellow, which is detected and the accumulate data is later reviewed to determine positivity of carbon dioxide |
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