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A&P Chap 5-6
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The epidermis is comprised of: | Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| This is the thickest epidermal layer: | Stratum Corneum |
| The thickest part of skin is the: | Reticular layer of the dermis |
| _________ produce pigment. | Melanocytes |
| This epidermal layer has stem cells. | Stratum Basale |
| Fingerprints are the result of: | Friction Ridges |
| __________ granules contain/secrete glycolipids that form a hydrophobic barrier. | Lamellar |
| ________ is an unregulated form of cell death, usually due to injury to the cell. | Necrosis |
| Melanin accumulates in the ______ portion of the cell. | Apical |
| True or False: Epithelial tissues are innervated. | True |
| Which type of hair has the longest active phase: | Scalp |
| Hair-thinning that occurs in both males and females after age 40 is: | Alopecia |
| __________ glands secrete sweat directly onto the surface of the skin (rather than into a hair follicle shaft), and are the most numerous cutaneous gland. | Eccrine |
| In this type of gland, the entire cells ruptures and cell fragments and debris are also secreted: | Holocrine |
| Dermcidin is a molecule that protects against foreign bacteria and is secreted onto the skin as part of sweat. This is an example of a(n): | Chemical Barrier |
| When body temperature is hot, this can cause blood vessels in the skin to ____________ , thereby increasing blood flow to the body surface to dissipate heat. | Vasodilate |
| ___________ is the most dangerous kind of skin cancer. | Melanoma |
| A burn that only affects the epidermis: | First Degree |
| Fingernails grow from the stem cell-containing nail matrix, which is visible through the ___________ of the nail. | Lunule |
| The trachea is composed of: | Hyaline cartilage |
| Growth of cartilage that occurs along the edges/surfaces is called: | Appositional Growth |
| The scapulae are part of the ____ skeleton. | Appendicular |
| Osteocalcin is a(n): | hormone |
| Which part of the bone stores triglycerides (fats)? | Yellow marrow |
| Osseous tissue is a form of: | Connective tissue |
| True or False: Flat bones (e.g., cranial bones) assist in hematopoiesis: | True |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates _________ activity. | Osteoclast |
| The trabeculae of a bone are covered with: | Endosteum |
| Hematopoietic stem cells are located in: | Red bone marrow |
| The stem cell that gives rise to osteocytes is called a(n): | Osteogenic cell |
| Which cell type secretes osteoid: | Osteoblast |
| The ________ is the pressure detector of bone. | Osteocyte |
| The _________ is derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). | Osteoclast |
| Bone is strongest in terms of its ability to resist: | Tension |
| Osteoid is the _________ component of bone. | Organic |
| Calcium-binding proteins in osteoid serve to ______ calcium. | Concentrate |
| Most of the overall mass of a bone is: | Hydroxyapatite |
| In an osteon, the ___________________ of adjacent lamellae run in different directions to help resist twisting forces. | Collagen Fibers |
| Most bones develop through: | Endochondral Ossification |
| Bone growth that occurs under hyaline cartilage of articular surfaces and the epiphyseal line is: | Interstitial Growth |
| In the _________ zone of the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes undergo mitosis. | Proliferation |
| When there are low amounts of pressure on a bone, the osteocyte signals to the ____________ to stimulate bone resorption and recycling. | Osteoclasts |
| The ______________ is created by osteoblasts as they perform appositional growth (bone deposition). | Osteoid Seam |
| Which of the following is an enzyme that assists in bone deposition/growth: | Alkaline Phosphatase |
| Low calcium (Ca2+) in the blood triggers _________ hormone release, which stimulates osteoclast activity. | parathyroid |
| _____________ is the first step of bone healing and is characterized by swelling due to ruptured blood vessels. | Hematoma |
| ______ is rickets in adults. | Osteomalacia |
| ________ is a disease typically affecting the elderly, characterized by brittle bones riddled with small holes/cavities. Paget's disease | Osteoporosis |
| ______________ is a cause or risk factor for osteoporosis. | Vitamin D Deficiency |
| ___________ is a pigment produced by cells called _________ and packaged into vesicles called _________, which are transferred to keratinocytes. | Melanin Melanocytes Melanosomes |
| A bone contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues, and is, therefore, a(n): | Organ |
| Which cell type secretes osteoid: | Osteoblast |
| A hole /passageway inside the bone | Central Canal |
| A burn that extends to the hypodermis is ___ degree. | Third Degree |
| Keratohyaline granules appear in the stratum ____________. | Granulosum |
| Which of the following is secreted by osteoclasts to assist bone resorption: H+ (protons) Collagen fibers Proteoglycans Alkaline phosphatase | H+ protons |
| The most superficial layer of the dermis is: | papillary |
| The function of osteocalcin relates to: | Glucose and Insulin Responsiveness |
| The external ear is composed of ________. | Elastic Cartilage |
| Dendritic cells are immune cells found in skin that can act as phagocytes of foreign bacteria. This is an example of a(n): | Biological Barrier |
| __________ glands secrete an oily substance and are associated with hair follicles found throughout the surface of the body. | Sebaceous |
| ___________ are collagenous fibers that extend for the outer layer of the periosteum, through the inner layer, and attach to the surface of a bone. | Sharpey's Fibers |
| Hematopoietic stem cells are located in: | Red Bone Marrow |
| The most abundant cell of the epidermis is the: | Keratinocyte |
| The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the: | Stratum Corneum |
| The ______________ is a layer of areolar connective tissue | Papillary Layer |
| Skin stem cells are located in the | Stratum Basale |
| The _________ is the thickest layer, comprised of dead, flattened cells. | Stratum Corneum |
| ___________ is caused by the hair follicle response to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). | True / Frank Baldness |
| __________ glands are the most abundant type of sweat glands | Eccrine |
| Scalp hair is longer than eyebrow hair because | Scalp hair has a longer active phase |
| A _____-degree burn affects the entire epidermis and entire dermis | Third |
| Hair stem cells are located in the | Hair Matrix |
| ________ growth occurs from within a cartilage tissue | Interstitial |
| ___________ covers articular surfaces | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Hematopoiesis occurs in | Red bone marrow |
| The membrane lining the trabeculae of a bone is called the | Endosteum |
| ________ are bone stem cells | Osteogenic |
| ________ secrete osteoid. | Osteoblasts |
| ________ are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) | Osteoclasts |
| ________ destroy and break down extracellular matrix (ECM) of bones. | Osteoclasts |
| Bone has more ______ strength, as a result of ______ | Tensile; Collagen Fibers |
| Which is NOT a component of osteoid? a. Glycoproteins b. Alkaline phosphatase c. Calcium (Ca2+) d. Collagen fibers | C. Calcium |
| Concentric lamellae resist twisting forces with the help of: | Collagen Fiber Arrangement |
| _______ determines an individual’s height | Interstitial growth |
| Parathyroid hormone does what? | Stimulates osteoclasts |
| Hypocalcemia will lead to a(n) ___________ parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion | Increase |
| A patient at risk for osteoporosis should | take vitamin D |
| __________ results in bowed legs in children | Rickets |
| Chondrocytes die in the ________ zone of the epiphyseal plate | Calcification |
| During osteogenesis, _____________ occurs within a hyaline cartilage “model” | Endochondral Ossification |
| Collagen fibers tend to run mostly in one direction and form _________ that surgeons try to avoid cutting across. | Cleavage lines |
| Melanocytes are most abundant in the stratum _________ | Basale |
| Red hair color reflects the presence of: | Iron |
| __________ glands become active at puberty, are present in axillary/genital areas, and are associated with hair follicles. | Apocrine |
| When body temperature is hot, this can cause blood vessels in the skin to ____________ , thereby increasing blood flow to the body surface to dissipate heat. | Vasodilate |
| ______ are muscles that raise the pilus to cause "goose bumps". | Arrector Pilli |
| The external ear is composed of ________. | Elastic Cartilage |
| The clavicles are part of the _____ skeleton. | appendicular |
| Which part of the bone stores triglycerides (fats)? | yellow marrow |
| True or False: Flat bones (e.g., cranial bones) contain spongy bone: | True |
| ___________ are collagenous fibers that extend for the outer layer of the periosteum, through the inner layer, and attach to the surface of a bone. | Sharpey's Fibers |
| Which of the following cells can NOT be derived (directly or indirectly) from osteogenic cells: osteoblast bone lining cell osteocyte osteoclast | Osteoclast |
| The ________ is the pressure detector of bone. | Osteocyte |
| The most abundant protein component in osteoid is ______________ . | Collagen |
| Which of the following is the same as "hydroxyapatites": Canaliculi Collagen fibers Calcium (Ca2+) phosphate crystals Osteons | Calcium Ca2+ phosphate crystals |
| In an osteon, the ___________________ of adjacent lamellae run in different directions to help resist twisting forces. | Collagen Fibers |
| The clavicles and many of the flat bones of the skull develop through the process of: | Intramembranous ossification |
| Increasing bone thickness results from: | appositional growth |
| In the _________ zone of the epiphyseal plate, chondrocytes undergo mitosis. | proliferation |
| When there are large amounts of pressure on a bone, the osteocyte signals to the _____________ to stimulate bone growth and osteoid secretion. | osteoblast |
| The ____________ is created by osteoclasts as they destroy and remove bone during remodeling. | Resorption bay |
| Which of the following is an enzyme that assists in bone deposition/growth: Alkaline phosphatase H+ (proton) The lysosome Ca2+ (calcium) | alkaline phosphatase |
| Low calcium (Ca2+) in the blood triggers _________ hormone release, which stimulates osteoclast activity. | parathyroid |
| ______ is a bone disease characterized by haphazard, brittle bone formation. | Paget's disease |
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