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Class 9/22
Hearing Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is on the lateral wall of the middle ear? | the ear drum/tympanic membrane |
| What is the function of the eustachian tube? | to equalize pressure in the middle ear |
| What happens when there is negative pressure in the middle ear? | the tympanic membrane gets sucked into the middle ear |
| What is the appearance of the tympanic membrane? | circular, semi-transparent, pearly grey in color, and cones inward |
| What is the umbo? | the center point of the tympanic membrane, where the tip of the manubrium of the malleus attaches |
| What is the Pars Flaccida? | the superior quadrant of the tympanic membrane with two layers of tissue (skin and mucus membrane), not under tension, ~1/3 top section |
| What is the pars tensa? | part of the tympanic membrane, has three tissue layers, under tension from the tensor tympani muscle ~2/3 bottom section |
| What is the Pars tensa responsible for? | sound transmission from outer to inner ear |
| What are the three tissue layers of the pars tensa? | skin, connective, and mucus membrane |
| What is the cone of light in the tympanic membrane? | A good sign that there is enough tension in the tympanic membrane |
| What is the name of the superior wall of the middle ear? | tegmen tympani |
| What is the tegmen tympani? | a thin, very hard bone that separates the tympanic cavity from the brain, creates roof of tympanic cavity and floor of cranium |
| What is the inferior surface of the tegmen tympani covered in? | mucosa |
| What is the superior surface of the tegmen tympani covered in? | dura matter, the outer-most layer of meninges |
| What is the epitympanic recess? | a section that accommodates the large head of the malleus, located near the tympanic membrane above the malleus |
| What is another name for the epitympanic recess? | the attic |
| What happens if the pressure in the middle ear is more negative than the pressure in the ear canal? | the tympanic membrane gets sucked into the middle ear and mucous lining gets sucked out of the middle ear |
| Why would there be negative pressure in the middle ear? | the eustachian tube is not functioning properly |
| What is a fossa? | a ditch or trench |
| What are the features of the inferior surface of the tegmen tympani? | it is the floor of tympanic cavity, separates the tympanic cavity from the jugular fossa |
| Where does the internal jugular vein pass through? | the jugular fossa of the tegmen tympani, with the jugular bulb directly beneath the tympanum |
| What are the features of the anterior surface of the tegman tympani? | Separates the tympanic cavity from the carotid canal, has the opening |
| What is in the carotid canal? | the internal carotid artery |
| Where is the opening of the eustachian tube? | the anterior surface of the tegmen tympani |
| Where does the tendon of the tensor tympani attach? | emerges from anterior surface of tegmen tympani and attaches to the malleus |
| WHat does the tendon of the tensor tympani do? | it pulls the ear drum forward |
| What are the features of the posterior surface of the tegmen tympani? | Has the pyramidal eminence, aditus to antrum of mastoid, and a branch of the 7th nerve passes through just behind ear drum (sensory nerve for front of tongue) |
| What does the pyramidal eminence do? | it houses the stapedius muscle |
| What does aditus mean? | entrance to a cavity or channel |
| What does antrum mean? | cavity |
| What is the chorda tympani? | a branch of the facial nerve (7th) |
| What does the stapedius muscle do? | it moves the stapes to limit the amount of sound going to the cochlea |
| What are the features of the medial surface of the tegmen tympani? | houses the oval window, houses the round window, has the canal for the 7th nerve in superior portion, and the promontory |
| What is the oval window? | on the tegmen tympani, it is a non-permeable membrane, leads to the scala vestibuli (inner ear), covered by the stapes footplate |
| What is the round window? | the lower portion of the medial surface of the tegmen tympani, covered by a non-permeable membrane, and leads to the scala tympani (inner ear) |
| What is the promontory of the medial surface of the tegmen tympani? | the body accommodation for the base (first turn) of the cochlea |
| What is the ossicular chain? | the small interconnected bones |
| What are the bones of the ossicular chain? | malleus, incus, and stapes |
| What does the ossicular chain do? | provides mechanical linkage between the tympanic membrane and the oval window |
| What does the malleus attach to? | the tympanic membrane |
| What does the stapes do? | covers the oval window |
| What has to happen for the tympanic membrane to vibrate? | sound waves have to reach the TM |
| What do the ossicles link? | the outer and inner ear through mechanical stimulation |
| What are the features of the malleus? | the head, neck, the anterior process, and manubrium, (from top to bottom) |
| What are the features of the incus? | the articulating facet, the body, the short process, long process, and the lenticular process |
| What does lenticular mean? | similar in shape to the lentil bean (convex) |
| Why can't we see the articulating facet of the incus? | it is under the head of the malleus |
| What are the features of the stapes? | the head, the neck, the crura (two parts) and the footplate |
| What are the two parts of the crura of the stapes? | the anterior crus and the posterior crus |
| What is not agreed upon about the tendon of the tensor tympani? | if it comes from the medial or anterior wall of the tegmen tympani |
| What is the function of the tendon of the tensor tympani? | pulls the malleus anteriorly and medially regulates the tension on the tympanic membrane, only works in acoustic reflex if sound is unexpected and intense enough to startle |
| What non-auditory stimuli can stimulate the tendon of the tensor tympani? | a puff of air to the eye can cause contraction |
| What is the function of the tendon of the stapedius muscle? | pulls the stapes away posteriorly as part of the acoustic reflex known as the acoustic reflex threshold |
| What is not agreed upon about the tendon of the stapedius muscle? | if it comes from the posterior or medial wall of the tegmen tympani |
| What do the tendon of the stapedius muscle and tendon of the tensor tympani do in response to high level sounds? | tighten the ossicular chain and reduce the intensity of low frequency sounds traveling to the inner ear |
| What is the location of the eustachian tube? | starts on the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity, ends in the nasopharynx |
| What is the course of the eustachian tube in infants? | anteriorly and medially |
| What is the course of the eustachian tube in adults? | anteriorly, medially, and inferiorly |
| What is the function of the eustachian tube? | only source of air for the middle ear, equalizes air pressure, removes mucus and bacteria from the middle ear into the nasopharynx |
| What are the features of the eustachian tube? | osseous, cartilaginous membranous |
| What is the osseous section of the eustachian tube | begins at the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity |
| Where does the eustachian tube end? | at the torus tubarius in the nasopharynx |
| What are the surface features of the eustachian tube? | lined with mucosa and has downward pointing cilia |
| Why does the eustachian tube equalize air pressure? | normal middle ear function requires air pressure to be equal on both sides of the tympanic membrane |
| What is the mechanism for opening the eustachian tube? | the tensor veli palatini (TVP) is the primary opener, the levator Veli Palatini (LVP) is the second opener. They pinch the eustachian tube open |
| Where is the tensor veli palatini? | above the eustachian tube |
| Where is the levator Veli Palatini? | below the eustachain tube |
| What causes the TVP and LVP to contract? | swallow, yawn, sneeze, cough |
| What is the mastoid bone? | part of the middle ear air pathway, access to mastoid air cells via aditus, air cells lined with mucosa |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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