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HEMATOLOGY/COAG
Hematology and Coagulation Powerpoint
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the approximate total blood volume (TBV) within a healthy adult? | 5 liters |
| Within a vial of sample blood, assuming it is collected in an anticoagulant tube and spun down, (blank) would make up 45% | formed elements (mainly RBCs) |
| In centrifugated, anticoagulated blood samples, plasma would make up (blank) percent of the TBV | 55% |
| How is serum acquired from a blood sample? | Centrifugating blood as it is, rather than collecting it in an EDTA anticoagulant tube |
| What hormone regulates the production of platelets? | Thrombopoietin |
| What is a CBC? | Complete Blood Count, which is used to count the total amount of formed elements within a given sample |
| What is the unit for RBC count? | million/uL (microliter) |
| Why would a splenectomy result in erythropenia? | The spleen filters out dead or dying red cells |
| Define Polycythemia Rubra Vera | the excessive increase of RBC production in the bone marrow, resulting in a high count of RBCs in the blood |
| Why would bone marrow issues result in erythropenia? | the bone marrow produces reticulocytes, so erythropenia could be caused by low production of young RBCs |
| Leukopenia is likely the result of what kind of infection? Why? | Viral; viruses tend to attack WBCs |
| What suffix would indicate an increase in cells? | -cytosis |
| During a bacterial infection, (blank) occurs | Leukocytosis |
| If someone has a bacterial infection, which leukocyte would be high in a WBC count? | Neutrophils |
| In a WBC count, what is the quantifying unit used for patient results? | thousands/uL (microliters) |
| What type of anemia is caused by B12 deficiency, which causes leukopenia? | Pernicious Anemia (PA) |
| What is the importance of having adequate Hemoglobin content in your RBCs? | Hgb/Hb is responsible for conducting gas exchange, bringing oxygen to our tissues and carbon dioxide back to our lungs. |
| A heightened Hgb count in newborns is common, but why? | Despite their lower total blood volume, they are producing more RBCs to maximize blood oxygen (erythrocytosis) |
| A decreased Hgb count would indicate towards a | bleeding condition |
| What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell? | 120 days |
| A combination of poor platelet function and irregular blood clotting factor is attributed to what blood disorder? | Von Willebrand's Disease |
| What is the difference between a Thrombus and an Embolus? | Thrombus = stationary clot Embolus = moving clot |
| Why would an embolism be particularly detrimental to the body, if left untreated? | The moving clot could migrate into our lungs, restricting blood flow and oxygen from getting there |
| Hemoglobinopathies are a result of | Hgb production going wrong |
| What hematology tests analyzes the percentage of RBCs present in the TBV? | Hematocrit/PCV |
| What is meant by the MCV? | Mean Corpuscular Volume measures the size of the average RBC, categorizing it into microcytic. normocytic, or macrocytic |
| The central pallor size of RBCs is dependent on the | Hgb content (helps calculate MCH) |
| (blank) is the calculation of the average Hgb content in a given volume of packed RBCs | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Content (MCHC) |
| Hematocrits help calculate (blank), which numerically define the size and average Hgb content of RBCs | RBC indices |
| What could be a cause of high anisocytosis? | An anemic patient receiving a blood transfusion from a healthy donor |
| RDW= | red cell distribution width |
| What is the function of a RDW test? | measure the degree of red cell variability |
| What is importance of Differential Smear? | It can categorize WBCs and view the integrity and maturity of RBCs |
| How many WBCs must be counted for a differential smear? | 100 |
| Why would Thrombocytosis be temporary in acute blood loss? | The bone marrow will release premature RBCs (reticulocytes) to make up for the blood loss from previous |
| Thrombopenia is seen in | infectious diseases, chemo, and leukemia |
| What three out of the five leukocytes are granulated? | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
| What leukocyte is most active during viral infections? | Lymphocytes |
| Eosinophils are most active during | parasitic infections or allergic inflammation |
| Why would basophils also be activated during a pathogenic invasion? | They contain histamines that initiate an allergic response to the pathogen and increase blood flow to damaged tissues |
| What tests counts the total number of young RBCs? | Reticulocyte count |
| How would inflammation affect the ESR/SED testing? | Increased inflammation will slow the rate at which RBCs coagulate and settle towards the bottom |
| Why must be perform blood smears properly (spread out the smear evenly, stain with the Wright stain, etc)? | To accurately differentiate WBC groups |
| How does the WBC count alongside a differential count help diagnose infection? | An increase or decrease in a specific leukocyte group can narrow down what type of infection is taking place |
| Describe the process of Primary hemostasis | 1) A lesion on the skin is made 2) Vasoconstriction occurs to lessen bleeding 3) Platelets congregate to the injury site and create a temporary, stationary clot (thrombus) |
| The most natural defense mechanism against injury is (blank), the cessation of blood from injured vessels | hemostasis |
| What takes place during Secondary hemostasis? | Coagulation proteins activate and cause sequential changes that convert inactive fibrinogen on platelets to active fibrin that adhere to the injury site |
| What test assesses platelet and vascular function? | Bleeding times |
| What are some subsections of platelet testing? | platelet aggregation, clot retraction, platelet adhesion/retention |
| APTT measures which kind of pathway | intrinsic (plus common) |
| What is heparin? | a substance that prevents spontaneous blood clotting |
| Prothrombin Time (PT) analyzes which pathway; what are two common blood thinners observed with PT testing? | extrinsic (plus common); Coumadin/Warfarin |
| What coagulation test assesses clot forming abilities? | Fibrinogen/Fibrin Split Products |
| D-dimer/fibrin split asses the clot's ability to | dissolve |
| Specific factor assays eludes to the cause of | clotting deficiencies and bleeding disorders |
| Embolism is a result of | over-clotting |
| What is the function of the Coulter Principle? | It is an automated cell counter that utilizes an electrical current (w/aperture) with an established pathway. Cells are forced through the gap, causing an interruption of the path |
| In electrical impedance, the number of pulses over a period of time is equal to | the number of cells |
| In electrical impedance, the magnitude of electrical pulse equals the | cell volume |
| The output histogram displays what? | distribution of cell frequency (represented by x) and cell volume/number (represented by y); they are separated on by grided "gates" |
| In optical impedance, a (blank) is scattered by a cell and converted into an electrical pulse. The amount of light scattered depends on the size | laser |
| Which hematology detection method is the most common? | Flow Cytometry |
| Describe Flow Cytometry | Pre-labelled antibodies of WBCs with fluorescent color are attached to properly specify each cell when it is hit by a laser, at a certain wavelength |
| Describe Hemoglobin Electrophoesis | assessment of hemoglobinopathies by separating Hgb into its different forms |
| In a healthy adult, which form of Hemoglobin is the highest? | Hgb A |
| What is the difference between mechanical and optical endpoint detection? | Mechanical=when the apparatus (eg. magnets) are physically stopped by a clot Optical=sensor will change based on density of matrix |
| In optical endpoint detection, the formation of fibrin will | decrease the light |
| How is a spectrophotometer used in coagulation detection? | It uses a substrate that changes color during a clot. this makes the change of color proportionate to cell activity |
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innazukaa
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