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Sp & Hr Sci
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| components of the upper airway | - oral cavity - nasal cavity - pharyngeal cavity - larynx |
| oral cavity | - contains the teeth, tongue, and hard/soft palate - where Formants are created |
| nasal cavity | - posterior to the nose - cavity located above the oral cavity where the nasal consonants are produced |
| pharyngeal cavity | - 3 sections - nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx - a passageway for both air and food, plays a key role in initiating swallowing, and contributes to speech by acting as a resonating chamber |
| larynx | - voicebox - source of our sound comes from the vocal folds within this structure - regulates the flow of air into and out of the lungs |
| components of the lower airway | - trachea - bronchi - bronchial tree - bronchioles - alveoli - lungs |
| trachea | - Made up of 16-20 cartilaginous rings that are connected by smooth muscle - Extends from the larynx at the level of the 6th cervical vertebrae to the bronchi below at the level of the top of the 5th thoracic vertebrae - Made of hyaline cartilage |
| bronchi | - They are the tubes which extend from the trachea to the lungs - 3 groups: mainstem, secondary, tertiary |
| bronchial tree | branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli |
| bronchioles | - Smallest branches of the bronchi. - Terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts. |
| alveoli | where the gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system |
| lungs | - Main organs of the respiratory system - Located in the thoracic cavity - Two irregularly cone shaped structures - Composed of spongy, porous but highly elastic material - Pleural lining |
| 2 major muscles of inspiration | - diaphragm - external intercostal muscles |
| diaphragm | - primary muscle of inspiration - separates the abdominal and thoracic cavity - Contraction expands the vertical dimension of the thorax. |
| external intercostal muscles | - when contracted, they raise the rib cage - Lies between the 12 ribs of the thorax - striated muscle - Inserts into the upper surface of the rib immediately below. |
| Accessory muscles of inspiration | - pectoralis major - pectoralist minor - sternocleidomastoideus - scalenes |
| pectorals major | chest muscle (The b00b area) |
| pectoralis minor | protracts and depresses scapula |
| sternocleidomastoideus | Muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head. |
| scalenes | - elevates first two ribs - 3 - anterior, medius, posterior |
| major muscles of expiration | - rectus abdominus - external oblique - internal oblique - transverse abdoinus |
| rectus abdominus | flexion of the vertebral column |
| external obliques | bilateral contraction of these muscles will flex the vertebral column and compress the abdomen. Unilateral contraction will result in trunk rotation. |
| internal obliques | rotate trunk , compress abdomen and flex trunk |
| transverse abdominus | - Deepest of the anterior abdominal muscles - compresses abdomen |
| accessory muscle(s) of expiration | internal intercostals |
| internal intercostal muscles | - elevation of ribs 1-11 - The cartilaginous portion of the muscle (the part that is nearest to the sternum) is active during inspiration and the osseous portion is active during expiration |
| Functions of the respiratory system | - supplies sub glottal pressure to drive the vocal folds - maintains constant pressure when speaking - includes the passageways and tissues involved in gas exchange with the environment. - involved in phonation and articulation |
| Boyle's Law | - states that given a gas of constant temperature, if you increase the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained, the pressure will decrease. |
| Pleural Linkages | - parietal pleura - visceral pleura - intrapleural space - pleural fluid - elasticity |
| parietal pleura | outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall |
| visceral pleura | the inner, serous membrane that directly covers the surface of each lung and dips into its fissures |
| intrapleural space | Space between the two membranes, visceral pleura and parietal pleura, that cover the lungs. |
| pleural fluid | - serous fluid necessary to prevent friction between the pleural membranes - liquid that surrounds the lungs |
| elasticity | The ability of a material to bounce back after being disturbed |
| laryngeal cartilages and bones | - hyoid - epiglottis - thyroid cartilage - corniculate cartilage - cuneiform cartilage - arytenoid cartilage - cricoid cartilage |
| hyoid bone | - located at the superior portion of the larynx and considered part of the structural components that make up the system of phonation - Only bone not attached to any other bones 1. Body 2. Greater cornu 3. Lesser cornu - elevates during swallowing |
| epiglottis | - Arises from the inner surface of the angle of the thyroid cartilage just below the notch |
| thyroid cartilage | - Largest of the laryngeal cartilages - Landmarks include: - Thyroid angle and notch - Inferior and superior cornu (means horn) - Adams apple located here |
| corniculate cartilage | a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage |
| cuneiform cartilage | - reside within the aryepiglottic folds - Provide support for the membranous laryngeal covering |
| arytenoid cartilage | Two small cartilages in the larynx, the movements of which abduct and adduct the vocal folds. |
| cricoid cartilage | - most inferior cartilage of the larynx - ring shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx - inferior to the thyroid cartilage |
| laryngeal membranes and cavities | - aryepiglottic fold - thyrohyoid ligament - conus elasticus - cricothyroid ligament - vocal ligament |
| aryepiglottic fold | a fold of tissue that extends from the apex of the arytenoids to the epiglottis |
| thyrohyoid ligament | joins the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone |
| conus elasticus | Connects thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages Cone-shaped membrane extending from vocal folds to inferior border of cricoid |
| cricothyroid ligament | soft piece of connective tissue between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage |
| vocal ligament | elastic ligament within the vocal fold (true vocal cords) that vibrates and produces phonation (sound production at the larynx) |
| intrinsic laryngeal muscles | - posterior cricoarytenoid - cricothyroid - interarytenoids - lateral cricoarytenoids - thyroarytenoid |
| posterior cricoarytenoid muscle | sole abductor of the vocal folds |
| cricothyroid muscle | lengthens and tenses the vocal folds |
| interarytenoid muscles | Two sets of muscles (transverse & oblique) that go from one arytenoid cartilage to the opposite cartilage |
| lateral cricoarytenoid muscles | - Adducts the vocal ligaments, closes the air passageway during swallowing, and allows phonation |
| thyroarytenoid muscles | - thyromuscularis - thyrovocalis |
| thyromuscularis muscle | relaxes vocal folds |
| thyrovocalis muscle | tenses vocal folds |
| extrinsic muscles of the larynx (ELEVATORS) | - digastric - geniohyoid - mylohyoid - stylohyoid - thyrohyoid |
| digastric muscle | This muscle depresses the mandible. When one opens their mouth they are depressing the mandible. |
| geniohyoid muscle | Depresses mandible and elevates hyoid bone |
| mylohyoid muscle | -Accessory muscle of mastication -Comprises floor of mouth -Attaches to mylohyoid ridge (internal oblique extension) |
| stylohyoid muscle | elevates and retracts hyoid bone |
| thyrohyoid muscle | depresses the hyoid and raises the larynx |
| extrinsic muscles of the larynx (DEPRESSORS) | - sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid |
| sternohyoid muscle | - muscle that covers the ventral surface of throat - depresses the hyoid and larynx |
| sternothyroid muscle | depresses thyroid cartilage |
| omohyoid muscle | - 2 bellies; inferior and superior connect the should to the hyoid - depresses the hyoid bone |
| functions of the larynx | - protection of the airway - phonation - stabilizes the upper body |
| Bernoulli Effect | as the velocity of airflow increases, pressure decreases with total energy remaining constant |
| Myoelastic aerodynamic theory | Explains how phonation occurs. It says that adducted folds build up air pressure below, which blows the folds apart. As the air moves through the opening, a decreased pressure between the folds draws them together. |
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