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Skeletal System
Terms for the Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM | Support, Protection, Movement Facilitation, Mineral Storage, Storage of Energy, Hematopoiesis. |
| Support | Framework for the body; supports soft tissue; POA for ligaments, tendons, facia and muscle. |
| Protection | Skull protects brain; vertebral column protects spinal cord; ribs protect heart and lungs; pelvic bone protects reproductive organs. |
| Movement Facilitation | bones are like levers to convert muscular contractions to movement. |
| Mineral Storage | Bones store calcium and phosphorus in the bone matrix. |
| Storage of Energy | Yellow bone marrow serves as an important reservoir of lipids |
| Hematopoiesis | Producing blood cells in the red bone marrow (RBCs, WBCs, Thrombocytes) |
| BONE CELLS | Osteoblasts; Osteocytes; Osteoclasts |
| Osteoblasts | Creating Bone Cells- bone creation by secrection of a matrix of organic compounds and mineral salts. |
| Osteocytes | Mature Bone Cells- principle cells of bone tissue |
| Osteoclasts | Cells That Breakbown Bone Tissue- important in development, growth, maintenance, and repair of bone tissue; help maintain blood calcium levels. |
| Ossification | Bones form in the body by replacing pre-existing connective tissue with bone. |
| FEATURES OF A LONG BONE | Periosteum, Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Medullar Cavity, Red Marrow, Yellow Marrow, Articular Cartilage, Endosteum |
| Periosteum | Covering surrounding surface of the bone; POA for ligaments and tendons |
| Diaphysis | Shaft/Long main portion of the bone. |
| Epiphysis | Expanded end of the long bone. |
| Medullar Cavity | Space or hollow chamber within the Diaphysis; filled w/ soft connective tissue called marrow. |
| Red Bone Marrow | Blood cell forming tissue located within the spaces or the spongy bone of the long bone. |
| Yellow Bone Marrow | Fat storing tissue found in medullary cavities of long bones. |
| Articular Cartilage | Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering Epiphysis in order to reduce friction during movement of joint. |
| Edosteum | Thin layer of squamous cells that lines Medullar Cavity. |
| Compact Bone | 1-8 |
| 1 | Little space between- the solid components of bone |
| 2 | Concentric ring structure |
| 3 | Blood vessels and nerves perforate the concentric rings through lateral canals called Volkmann's Canals or Perforating Canals |
| 4 | Blood vessels and nerves run the length of the bone and are contained in Osteonic (Haversian) canals. Canals found in center of concentric ring structure of compact bone. |
| 5 | Osteocytes are embedded in the fluid-filled spaces called lacunae. |
| 6 | Canaliculi or small canals are found radiating in all directions from the lacunae, which connect to other lacunae and eventually with the central Osteonic canals. |
| 7 | The entire network is called Osteon (Haversian System). It contains a central canal with its surrounding lame I lae, lacunae, Osteocytes, and canaliculi. |
| 8 | Provides the strength of the bone. |
| Spongy Bone | 1-3 |
| 1 | Composed of irregular netoworks of thin plates of bone with many spaces called trabeculae. |
| 2 | The spaces between the trabeculae are usually filled with red marrow which is responsible for producing blood cells. |
| 3 | Helps to reduce the weight of the bone while reducing shock associated with movement. |
| SHAPES (TYPES) OF BONES | Long, Short, Flat, Irregular |
| Long | longer than it is wide; distinct Diaphysis; have slight curve (Humerous, Tibia, Clavicle, Fibula, Phalanges) |
| Short | Cube shaped; nearly equal in length and width (Carpals, Tarsals) |
| Flat | Protection; surface area for muscle attachment; thin and flat; 2 layers of compact bone outside, spongy on the inside (Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapula) |
| Irregular | Various shapes, different amounts of compact and spongy bone (facial bones, vertebrae) |
| BONE MARKINGS | Foramen, Meatus, Sinus, Fossa, Condyle, Tuberosity, Trochanter, Tubercle, Process. |
| Foramen | Opening/hole that is a passageway for nerves or blood vessels (Mental forament on chin, infraorbital foramen on maxillae) |
| Meatus | Tube-like passageway (External auditory meatus that conducts soundwaves through the temporal bone) |
| Sinus | A space within a bone lined with a mucus membrane to reduce the weight of the bone. (Frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sinus) |
| Fossa | Pit or depression. (Olecranon fossa of humerus) |
| Condyle | Large rounded prominence which articulates with another bone. (Occipital condyles where skull meets cervical vertebrae) |
| Tuberosity | Elevated, rounded, (knob-like) usually roughened area on a bone. (Tibial tuberosity for attachment of quadriceps tendon) |
| Trochanter | Very large, blunt process used for muscle attachment (only in the femur, greater and lesser trochanters) |
| Tubercle | Small rounded process used for muscle attachment. (Greater and lesser tubercles of humerus) |
| Process | Projection from the surface of a bone. (Mastoid process of temporal bone) |
| DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON | Axial skeleton, Appendicular skeleton |
| Axial Skeleton (80 bones) | Consist of bones that lie among the axis of the body (head, vertebrae, ribs, sternum.) |
| Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) | Contains bones of arms, legs and pelvis. |
| SKULL | Cranial, Facial, Sutures, Frontanels |
| Cranial | Enclose and protect brain (8 bones) |
| Facial | Give shape and identity to the face (14 bones) |
| Sutures | Immovable joints only found between the skull bones. |
| Fontanels | Membrane filled spaces between cranial bones (soft spots) |
| Mandible | lower jaw, only moveable bone in the skull |
| Maxilla | Upper jaw bone |
| Zygomatic | Cheek bones |
| Frontal | Forehead, roof of the orbits (eye sockets), most of anterior part of the cranial floor. |
| Parietal | Greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity. |
| Occipital | Posterior part and prominent portion of the base of the cranium. |
| Sphenoid | Bone in the middle part of the base of the skull, sides of the skull and part of the eye orbit. |
| Ethmoid | Light, spongy bone in the anterior part of the floor of the cranium between the orbits. |
| Hyoid Bone | V-shaped bone coming from the styloid process of the temporal bone by ligaments; doesn't articulate with any other bone; in the neck between mandible and larynx; supports tongue and gives a POA for some tongue muscles; POA for muscles of neck and pharynx. |
| Temporal | Inferior sides of cranium and part of the cranial floor. |
| Mastoid Process | Boney extensions from the temporal lobe and posterior to the ears; used for muscle attachment. |
| VERTEBRAL COLUMN | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal. |
| Cervial | Vertebrae of the neck; 7 |
| Thoracic | Vertebrae ribs attach to; 12 |
| Lumbar | Vertebrae of the lower back; 5 |
| Sacral | Fused vertebrae that articulate with the pelvic bones; 5 |
| Coccygeal | Vertebrae that are fused into 2 seperate bones called coccyx; 4 |
| VERTEBRAL COLUMN FUNCTIONS | Encloses/protects spinal column and supports head; POA for ribs and muscles of the back |
| Intervertebral Discs | Discs of fibrocartilage between the vertebrae, "shock absorbers" or protective cushioning between vertebrae. |
| STERNUM (breast bone) | Manubrium (superior part); Body (largest portion); Xiphoid Process (projection from bottom of the body of the sternum. |
| Ribs | 12 pairs; True, False, and Floating Ribs |
| TRUE RIBS | Attach directly to the sternum (ribs 1-7) |
| FALSE RIBS | Indirectly attach to the bottom of the sternum by means of costal cartilage (ribs 8-10) |
| FLOATING RIBS | No attachment to the sternum (ribs 11+12) |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Arms, Legs, Pelvis |
| Clavicle (collarbone) | 2 bones; long and slender w/ double curvature (slightly s-shaped); articulates w/ the sternum and scapula; most frequently broken bone |
| Scapula (shoulder blades) | 2 bones; articulates w/ that Clavicle; many muscles attach to it |
| Humerus | 2 bones; upper arm bone; largest of upper extremities |
| Ulna | 2 bones; medial bone of forearm; pinky finger side; olecranon process forms the elbow |
| Radius | 2 bones; lateral bone of forearm; |
Created by:
Gemm
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