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La Nette
Physiology Week 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does enzyme structure determine its specificity, and how do pH and temperature affect it? | Enzyme shape defines substrate fit. pH or temperature shifts disrupt bonds, altering the active site and reducing or stopping catalytic activity |
| What are the functions of the rough and smooth ER, and how do they interact with the Golgi apparatus? | Rough ER makes proteins; smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies. Vesicles carry products to the Golgi for modification and sorting. |
| How does the skin protect and regulate temperature? | Sweat cools the body; blood vessels widen or narrow. Melanocytes produce UV-protective melanin; keratinocytes form a barrier. |
| Why is ATP essential for muscle function? | ATP powers myosin head movement, detachment from actin, and calcium ion transport during contraction and relaxation. |
| Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. | Myosin heads bind to actin, pulling filaments closer together using ATP, shortening the sarcomere and producing contraction |
| How does the structure of a synovial joint support mobility and stability | Synovial fluid reduces friction, ligaments stabilize, and articular cartilage cushions bone ends |
| How do osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts maintain bone homeostasis? | Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down for calcium balance and remodeling. |
| What are the four main tissue types and their primary functions? | Epithelial (covering/lining), connective (support), muscle (movement), and nervous (communication). |
| How does mitosis differ from meiosis in purpose and outcome? | Mitosis produces two identical somatic cells for growth and repair, while meiosis forms four genetically unique gametes for reproduction. |
| What organelles are involved in protein synthesis and modification? | Ribosomes make proteins, the rough ER folds them, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages them for transport. |
| What are the primary biomolecules, and how do their structures relate to their functions? | Carbohydrates provide quick energy, lipids store energy and form membranes, proteins perform enzymatic and structural roles, and nucleic acids store genetic information. |
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