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Study Stack- PHYS
Physiology Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is osseous tissue? | Osseous tissue is bone tissue—a type of connective tissue that makes up the structural framework of bones. It contains osteocytes (bone cells) within a hardened matrix of calcium salts and collagen fibers, giving bones both strength and flexibility |
| What are the basic shapes of epithelial cells? | Squamous – flat and thin, allowing for diffusion (e.g., lung alveoli). Cuboidal – cube-shaped, often involved in secretion and absorption (e.g., kidney tubules) Columnar – tall and column-like, specialized for absorption and protection |
| The functions of connective tissues. | Support & Structure: Framework for organs and body. Protection: Cushions organs, defends against infection. Transport: Blood carries gases, nutrients, wastes. Storage: Fat stores energy; bone stores minerals. Repair: Heals and replaces damaged tissue. |
| fibroblasts | These are the main connective tissue cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix—including collagen, elastic fibers, and ground substance. They help with tissue repair, wound healing, and structural support throughout the body. |
| macrophages | Engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and debris; key cells in immune defense and tissue cleanup |
| adipocytes | Store fat for energy, cushion organs, and help insulate the body. |
| mast cells, | Release histamine and other chemicals during inflammation or allergic reactions; help defend against pathogens |
| melanocytes | Produce melanin pigment that gives skin color and protects against UV radiation. |
| Loose Connective Tissue - functions | Cushions organs, provides support and elasticity, stores fluids, and allows immune defense through wandering cells. |
| Integumentary System Components | 1. Cutaneous membrane (skin) 2. Accessory structures (hair, nails, glands) |
| Epidermal Layers (Superficial → Deep) | 1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum spinosum 5. Stratum basale |
| The fibrous protein that forms the basic structural component of hair and nails. | Keratin – A tough fibrous protein that forms the structural base of hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin. |
| The primary pigments contained in the epidermis. | Epidermal Pigments– Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin |
| The two major components of the dermis. | Dermis Components- 1. Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue) 2. Reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue) |
| The accessory structures of the integument | Accessory Structures of the Integument – Hair, nails, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sweat glands. |
| The types of exocrine glands in the skin | Exocrine Glands in the Skin*– 1. Sebaceous glands*– Secrete oil (sebum) to lubricate skin and hair. 2. Sweat glands – Include eccrine (cooling) and apocrine (scent) glands. |
| The two major types of hair | Types of Hair – 1. Vellus hair– Fine, soft body hair 2. Terminal hair– Thick, coarse, pigmented hair |
| The functions of sensible perspiration. | Sensible Perspiration– Helps cool the body, excrete water and electrolytes, and flush microorganisms and chemicals from the skin surface. |
| The characteristics of ceruminous and mammary glands. | Ceruminous & Mammary Glands Ceruminous glands – produce earwax (cerumen) to protect the ear canal. Mammary glands – modified sweat glands that produce milk. |
| The type of secretion generally produced by sebaceous glands. | Sebaceous Glands Secretion Produce sebum, an oily secretion that lubricates and waterproofs skin and hair. |
| The function of the arrector pili muscles | Arrector Pili Muscle Function Tiny muscle that contracts to raise hair, causing “goosebumps.” |
| The definition of the term club hair | Club Hair A dead, fully keratinized hair ready to shed from the follicle. |
| The types of dermatitis we discussed | Types of Dermatitis Contact dermatitis – from irritants/allergens Atopic dermatitis – eczema (chronic) Seborrheic dermatitis – oily, scaly skin |
| The most abundant cells in the epidermis | Keratinocytes – produce keratin for strength and protection. |
| The basic characteristics of the 5 strata of the epidermis of the skin. | Corneum – dead, keratinized cells Lucidum – clear layer (thick skin only) Granulosum – keratin forms Spinosum – strong, spiny cells Basale – mitosis, melanocytes present |
| Why sweat tastes salty | Because it contains dissolved sodium and chloride ions (electrolytes). |
| The reason albino individuals look the way they do | They lack melanin production, so skin, hair, and eyes have little or no pigment. |
| Where the body stores lipids in the skeleton | Stored in yellow bone marrow within the medullary cavity of long bones. |
| The two types of osseous tissue. | Compact bone – dense, strong outer layer. Spongy bone – porous, lightweight inner layer. |
| The name and general structure of the basic functional units of mature compact bone. | Osteon (Haversian system) – concentric rings (lamellae) around a central canal. |
| The definition of the terms: trabeculae, osteopenia, osteolysis, osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts | Trabeculae: lattice-like plates in spongy bone. Osteopenia: reduced bone mass Osteolysis: breakdown of bone matrix. Osteocytes: mature bone cells maintaining matrix. Osteoblasts: build new bone matrix. Osteoclasts: break down bone tissue. |
| The primary reason that osteoporosis accelerates in women, after menopause. | Due to decreased estrogen, which normally inhibits bone resorption. |
| The basic symptoms of the disease called Rickets. | Soft, weak bones, bowed legs, and skeletal deformities from vitamin D deficiency. |
| The basic functions of the skeletal system | Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, lipid storage. |
| The different characteristics of compact and spongy bone. | Compact: dense, strong, forms outer layer. Spongy: porous, lighter, contains red marrow. |
| The definition of the following terms: epiphysis, diaphysis, epiphyseal plate, metaphysis | Epiphysis: end of bone. Diaphysis: shaft. Epiphyseal plate: growth zone of cartilage. Metaphysis: area where diaphysis meets epiphysis. |
| The name for the outer covering of the bone | Periosteum – tough membrane covering bone surface. |
| The general definition for endochondral ossification. | Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage during development. |
| The name for the lining of the medullary cavity. | Houses yellow marrow for fat storage and red marrow in children for blood formation. |
| The longest and heaviest bone in the body. | Femur – in the thigh. |
| How alack of exercise would effect bone modeling. | Leads to bone weakening and loss of mass (decreased bone remodeling). |
| How bone changes can take place when they are being stressed. | Bones remodel and thicken where stress is applied to strengthen areas under load. |
| The most abundant mineral in the body. | Calcium – essential for bone strength and physiological functions. |
| The role of fontanels | Soft spots in infant skulls that allow brain growth and easier birth. |
| The number of vertebrae each of the 4 sections contains | Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacral/Coccygeal: fused bones below |
| The major bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons | Axial: skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum. Appendicular: limbs, pectoral & pelvic girdles. |
| What characteristics adapt the pectoral girdle to a wide range of movements. | Flexible joints and shallow sockets allow a wide range of arm movement. |
| The bones of the pectoral girdle | Clavicle and scapula. |
| The names for the various parts of the clavicle | Sternal end, acromial end, and shaft. |
| The bones of the forearm | Radius (lateral) and ulna (medial). |
| The location of the olecranon process | Top of the ulna, forms the bony point of the elbow. |
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