Question 1

What are the four components to every feedback loop?

Accepted Answer

1. Sensor Mechanism
2. Integrator or Control Center
3. Effector Mechanism
4. Feedback

Question 2

Positive feedback loops.

Accepted Answer

Are stimulatory. Can bring specific body functions to swift completion. Can result from damage , which may lead to improper function of negative feedback loops.

Question 3

What is ATP?

Accepted Answer

Composed of an adenine and ribose sugar (adenosine), and three phosphate groups. A molecule that can "pick-up" energy and give it to an other chemical process. Often called the energy currency of cells.

Question 4

What is a peptide bond?

Accepted Answer

A peptide bond is one that binds the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid.

Question 5

Define diffusion.

Accepted Answer

A natural phenomenon caused by the tendency of small particles to spread out evenly within any given space. Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration .

Question 6

Define osmosis.

Accepted Answer

The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane. Water molecules move from a lower concentration of solute to the solution with a higher concentration of solute through a membrane until the outside and inside osmotic pressures are equal.

Question 7

What are the three pathways of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

1. Glycolysis
2. Citric acid cycle
3. Electron transport system

Question 8

1. Where does Glycolysis occur in the cell? 
2. Glycolysis does not require O2 therefore it is also known as?

Accepted Answer

1. In the cytosol. Outside any organelle.
2. Fermentation.

Question 9

1. The Citric acid cycle transfers most energy into what two molecules?
2. Where does the Citiric acid cycle occur?

Accepted Answer

1. NAD+ -> NADH; FAD -> FADH2
2. The inner chamber of the mitochondria

Question 10

The Electron transport system how many ATP are formed from 1 glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

36 in total. 2 from glycolysis, 34 from the rest of the pathway.

Question 11

What is the process of a minor wound healing?

Accepted Answer

1. Blood clots form.
2. Cells grow laterally to close epidermis
3. Fiber producing cells repair damaged fibers
4. Clot dissolves leaving scar

Question 12

What is peritonitis?

Accepted Answer

Inflammation of the serous membrane in the abdominal cavity, can be a complication of an infected appendix.

Question 13

What are Osteoblasts?

Accepted Answer

Bone forming cells. These cells that synthesize and secrete an organic matrix known as osteoid.

Question 14

What are Osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

Bone bone reabsorbing cells. These cells are giant multi-nucleated and release hydrochloric acid (HCl) to dissolve the hard mineral of bone and collagenase that breaks apart peptide bonds in collagen.

Question 15

After ACh diffuses rapidly across the neuromuscular junction and binds to the ACh receptors when happens next in the events of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

An impulse travels along the sarcolemma and then down through the T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum opening voltage regulated C++ channels.

Question 16

How does Endurance training effect skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Increased number of blood vessels in a muscle  -> increased blood flow -> increased O2 and glucose to those muscles.  Also to better utilize the increased O2 and glucose, there is an increase in number of mitochondria -> increased ATP production.

Question	Answer
What are the four components to every feedback loop?	1. Sensor Mechanism 2. Integrator or Control Center 3. Effector Mechanism 4. Feedback
Positive feedback loops.	Are stimulatory. Can bring specific body functions to swift completion. Can result from damage , which may lead to improper function of negative feedback loops.
What is ATP?	Composed of an adenine and ribose sugar (adenosine), and three phosphate groups. A molecule that can "pick-up" energy and give it to an other chemical process. Often called the energy currency of cells.
What is a peptide bond?	A peptide bond is one that binds the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid.
Define diffusion.	A natural phenomenon caused by the tendency of small particles to spread out evenly within any given space. Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration .
Define osmosis.	The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane. Water molecules move from a lower concentration of solute to the solution with a higher concentration of solute through a membrane until the outside and inside osmotic pressures are equal.
What are the three pathways of cellular respiration?	1. Glycolysis 2. Citric acid cycle 3. Electron transport system
1. Where does Glycolysis occur in the cell? 2. Glycolysis does not require O2 therefore it is also known as?	1. In the cytosol. Outside any organelle. 2. Fermentation.
1. The Citric acid cycle transfers most energy into what two molecules? 2. Where does the Citiric acid cycle occur?	1. NAD+ -> NADH; FAD -> FADH2 2. The inner chamber of the mitochondria
The Electron transport system how many ATP are formed from 1 glucose molecule?	36 in total. 2 from glycolysis, 34 from the rest of the pathway.
What is the process of a minor wound healing?	1. Blood clots form. 2. Cells grow laterally to close epidermis 3. Fiber producing cells repair damaged fibers 4. Clot dissolves leaving scar
What is peritonitis?	Inflammation of the serous membrane in the abdominal cavity, can be a complication of an infected appendix.
What are Osteoblasts?	Bone forming cells. These cells that synthesize and secrete an organic matrix known as osteoid.
What are Osteoclasts?	Bone bone reabsorbing cells. These cells are giant multi-nucleated and release hydrochloric acid (HCl) to dissolve the hard mineral of bone and collagenase that breaks apart peptide bonds in collagen.
After ACh diffuses rapidly across the neuromuscular junction and binds to the ACh receptors when happens next in the events of muscle contraction?	An impulse travels along the sarcolemma and then down through the T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum opening voltage regulated C++ channels.
How does Endurance training effect skeletal muscles?	Increased number of blood vessels in a muscle -> increased blood flow -> increased O2 and glucose to those muscles. Also to better utilize the increased O2 and glucose, there is an increase in number of mitochondria -> increased ATP production.

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Midterm Physiology