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Tiffanee White

Weeks 1-6 (Physiology)

QuestionAnswer
What is homeostasis? The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
What are the three components of a homeostatic control mechanism? Receptor (sensor) detects change, control center decides response, effector carries it out.
How does negative feedback maintain stability? It reverses deviations from the set point to restore normal conditions (e.g., body temperature).
What is positive feedback, and when does it occur? A mechanism that amplifies change until a specific event ends it (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).
What fluid makes up the body’s internal environment? Extracellular fluid (ECF), which bathes and surrounds the cells.
Define metabolism. All chemical reactions within the body that maintain life.
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism? Anabolism builds larger molecules; catabolism breaks them down to release energy.
What is the role of enzymes in metabolism? They act as catalysts, lowering activation energy and speeding up reactions.
What molecule is the cell’s main energy currency? Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
How do aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ? Aerobic uses oxygen and yields more ATP; anaerobic occurs without oxygen and produces lactic acid.
What is the function of the plasma membrane in cell physiology? Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell (selective permeability).
Differentiate between diffusion and active transport. Diffusion moves molecules down their gradient (no energy); active transport moves them up the gradient (requires ATP).
What generates the resting membrane potential? Unequal ion distribution across the cell membrane, especially sodium and potassium ions.
What are transcription and translation? Transcription: DNA → mRNA in nucleus; Translation: mRNA → protein on ribosome.
What is apoptosis, and why is it important? Programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells to maintain tissue health.
What are the main physiological roles of epithelial tissue? Protection, absorption, secretion, and selective transport.
How does connective tissue support body physiology? Provides structural framework, stores energy, and mediates repair and defense.
What are the key functions of the skin? Protection, thermoregulation, sensory reception, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion.
How does the skin regulate body temperature? through sweating, vasodilation (heat loss), and vasoconstriction (heat conservation).
What are the physiological stages of wound healing? Hemostasis → Inflammation → Proliferation → Remodeling.
What is the function of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts? Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain it, osteoclasts break it down.
How does bone remodeling help maintain homeostasis? It adjusts bone strength and releases or stores calcium as needed.
What hormones regulate calcium levels in the blood? Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D.
What are the stages of bone repair after a fracture? Hematoma → Soft callus → Hard callus → Remodeling.
How does mechanical stress affect bone physiology? Weight-bearing activity stimulates bone growth and strength via remodeling.
What is the main physiological function of synovial fluid? Lubricates joints, nourishes cartilage, and absorbs shock.
How do ligaments and tendons contribute to joint stability? Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone, both stabilizing movement.
How does physical activity influence joint physiology? Movement increases circulation of synovial fluid, maintaining cartilage health.
What is the sliding filament theory? Muscle contraction occurs as myosin heads pull actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.
What role does calcium play in muscle contraction? Ca²⁺ binds to troponin, exposing actin sites so myosin can form cross-bridges and generate contraction.
Created by: Twhite21
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