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Properties of Life
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Bruce C chapter 1

For Exam 1

QuestionAnswer
Properties of Life Are composed of cells, are complex and ordered, respond to their environment, can grow and reproduce, obtain and use energy, maintain internal balance, allow for evolutionary adaption
Levels of Organization Cellular level, organismal level, populational level Each organization builds on the level below it and they often demonstrate new features
Cellular Organization At Bottom- Atoms-Molecules-Organelles-Cells
Cell Basic Unit of Life
Organismal Level At Bottom- Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems-Organism
Populational Level From Bottom- Population-species-community-ecosystem
Emergent Properties New properties present at one level that are not seen in the previous level
Science aims to understand the natural world through: Observation and Reasoning
Science begins with Observations
Much of science is Purely Descriptive
Science uses both ___ and ___ reasoning Deductive and Inductive
Deductive Reasoning (define) uses general principles to make specific predictions
Inductive Reasoning uses specific observations to develop general conclusions
"I have only seen white swans, therefore all swans are white" -deductive or inductive? Inductive
Scientific Method a.k.a. systematic approach includes these five things: 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis Formation 3. Prediction 4. Experimentation 5. Conclusion
Hypothesis is a possible explanation for an observation Other: 1. Must be tested to determine validity 2. is often testing in different ways 3. allows for predictions to be made 4. There must be an alternative allowing for rejection
While scientist use a similar method there are multtiple approaches and different methods apply for different types of studies. These can be, but are not limited to: 1. Rigorous hypothesis testing "scientific method" 2. descriptive studies 3. Reductionist approach 4. Synthetic Approach (models)
Scientific method involves many repeated cycles so that it can Disprove, not prove
Theory: If a hypothesis is still supported after years of experimentation from many sources it will become one.
Univying Themes in Biology, Examples: Evolution, Cell theory, Emergent Properties
Cell Theory (define) All living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from pre-existing cells
Emergent Properties New properties that are present at one level of organization that are not seen in the previous level
Cells: Information Processing Systems: Cells process information stored in DNA as well as info received from the environment
Molecular basis of inheritance DNA encodes genes which control living organisms and are passed from one generation to the next
The proper ____ of a molecule is dependent on it's structure Fuction
The ______ of a molecule can often tell us about its function Structure
There are # naturally occurring elements. 90
only __ # elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts 12
4 elements make up 96.3 percent of human body weights. These are: 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen
Atoms are composed of : Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Protons Positively charged particles (+1)
Neutrons neutral particles (0)
Electrons negatively charged particles(-1)
Protons and neutrons are located in the: nucleus
Electrons are found in the: orbitals surrounding the nucleus
Every different atom has a characteristic number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic number: number of protons
Each proton and neutron has a mass of 1 Dalton
Atomic mass The sum of protons and neutrons
Isotopes Atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons
Think of isotopes as versions
Neutral Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons
Ions Charged atoms (also called elctrolytes)
Cations have more protons than electrons and are positively charged
Anions Have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged
Electrons posses _____ energy (type) Potential
The electrons (close?/Far?) fromt he nuclus have the most energy far
Lowest Energy Level Shell K
About K energy level: 1. Nearest the nucleus 2. Contains single "s" orbital (1s) 3. Contains 1 or 2 electrons (max 2)
Neon: noble gas, contains 2+8 (=10) electrons, very stable, completely filled k and l shells
Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, while still retaining the energy of their position in the atom
Oxidation losing an electron
Reduction gaining an electron
Valence Electrons In the outermost energy level of an atom
The chemical properties of a specific element depend on interactions between valence electrons of other atoms
Atoms with full energy levels are ___ (more/less) reactive than atoms with unfilled energy levels less
Atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels
Molecules Groups of atoms help dogether in a stable association
Compounds molecules containing more than one type of element
Chemical bonds the interactions between atoms that hold them together in molecules or compounds
Chemical bonds important in biology (5) 1. ionic bonds 2. covalent bonds 3. hydrogen bonds 4. hydrophobic interactions 5. van der Waal forces
The weak attractions between a parially negative atom and a partially positive hydrogen atom produce a hydrogen bond
In terms of strength between covalent and ionic... which one is stronger? Covalent
Water H20 readily forms hydrogen bonds and because of its structure has many other properties
Solvent (the water) or the liquid that things are dissolved in
Hydrophillic water-loving
Hydrophobic water-fearing
Basis of pH scale? hydrogen ion (H+1)
Acids and Bases: higher vs. lower Acid-Lower Base-Higher
Acid a chemical that releases H+1 ions
Base a chemical that accepts H+1 ons
Created by: bridgetannd
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