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Bruce C chapter 1
For Exam 1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Properties of Life | Are composed of cells, are complex and ordered, respond to their environment, can grow and reproduce, obtain and use energy, maintain internal balance, allow for evolutionary adaption |
Levels of Organization | Cellular level, organismal level, populational level Each organization builds on the level below it and they often demonstrate new features |
Cellular Organization | At Bottom- Atoms-Molecules-Organelles-Cells |
Cell | Basic Unit of Life |
Organismal Level | At Bottom- Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems-Organism |
Populational Level | From Bottom- Population-species-community-ecosystem |
Emergent Properties | New properties present at one level that are not seen in the previous level |
Science aims to understand the natural world through: | Observation and Reasoning |
Science begins with | Observations |
Much of science is | Purely Descriptive |
Science uses both ___ and ___ reasoning | Deductive and Inductive |
Deductive Reasoning (define) | uses general principles to make specific predictions |
Inductive Reasoning | uses specific observations to develop general conclusions |
"I have only seen white swans, therefore all swans are white" -deductive or inductive? | Inductive |
Scientific Method a.k.a. systematic approach includes these five things: | 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis Formation 3. Prediction 4. Experimentation 5. Conclusion |
Hypothesis | is a possible explanation for an observation Other: 1. Must be tested to determine validity 2. is often testing in different ways 3. allows for predictions to be made 4. There must be an alternative allowing for rejection |
While scientist use a similar method there are multtiple approaches and different methods apply for different types of studies. These can be, but are not limited to: | 1. Rigorous hypothesis testing "scientific method" 2. descriptive studies 3. Reductionist approach 4. Synthetic Approach (models) |
Scientific method involves many repeated cycles so that it can | Disprove, not prove |
Theory: | If a hypothesis is still supported after years of experimentation from many sources it will become one. |
Univying Themes in Biology, Examples: | Evolution, Cell theory, Emergent Properties |
Cell Theory (define) | All living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from pre-existing cells |
Emergent Properties | New properties that are present at one level of organization that are not seen in the previous level |
Cells: Information Processing Systems: | Cells process information stored in DNA as well as info received from the environment |
Molecular basis of inheritance | DNA encodes genes which control living organisms and are passed from one generation to the next |
The proper ____ of a molecule is dependent on it's structure | Fuction |
The ______ of a molecule can often tell us about its function | Structure |
There are # naturally occurring elements. | 90 |
only __ # elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts | 12 |
4 elements make up 96.3 percent of human body weights. These are: | 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen |
Atoms are composed of : | Protons, Neutrons, Electrons |
Protons | Positively charged particles (+1) |
Neutrons | neutral particles (0) |
Electrons | negatively charged particles(-1) |
Protons and neutrons are located in the: | nucleus |
Electrons are found in the: | orbitals surrounding the nucleus |
Every different atom has a characteristic number of | protons in the nucleus |
Atomic number: | number of protons |
Each proton and neutron has a mass of | 1 Dalton |
Atomic mass | The sum of protons and neutrons |
Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons |
Think of isotopes as | versions |
Neutral Atoms | have the same number of protons and electrons |
Ions | Charged atoms (also called elctrolytes) |
Cations | have more protons than electrons and are positively charged |
Anions | Have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged |
Electrons posses _____ energy (type) | Potential |
The electrons (close?/Far?) fromt he nuclus have the most energy | far |
Lowest Energy Level Shell | K |
About K energy level: | 1. Nearest the nucleus 2. Contains single "s" orbital (1s) 3. Contains 1 or 2 electrons (max 2) |
Neon: | noble gas, contains 2+8 (=10) electrons, very stable, completely filled k and l shells |
Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, while still | retaining the energy of their position in the atom |
Oxidation | losing an electron |
Reduction | gaining an electron |
Valence Electrons | In the outermost energy level of an atom |
The chemical properties of a specific element depend on | interactions between valence electrons of other atoms |
Atoms with full energy levels are ___ (more/less) reactive than atoms with unfilled energy levels | less |
Atoms tend to establish completely full | outer energy levels |
Molecules | Groups of atoms help dogether in a stable association |
Compounds | molecules containing more than one type of element |
Chemical bonds | the interactions between atoms that hold them together in molecules or compounds |
Chemical bonds important in biology (5) | 1. ionic bonds 2. covalent bonds 3. hydrogen bonds 4. hydrophobic interactions 5. van der Waal forces |
The weak attractions between a parially negative atom and a partially positive hydrogen atom produce a | hydrogen bond |
In terms of strength between covalent and ionic... which one is stronger? | Covalent |
Water | H20 readily forms hydrogen bonds and because of its structure has many other properties |
Solvent | (the water) or the liquid that things are dissolved in |
Hydrophillic | water-loving |
Hydrophobic | water-fearing |
Basis of pH scale? | hydrogen ion (H+1) |
Acids and Bases: higher vs. lower | Acid-Lower Base-Higher |
Acid | a chemical that releases H+1 ions |
Base | a chemical that accepts H+1 ons |