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Bruce C chapter 1
For Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Properties of Life | Are composed of cells, are complex and ordered, respond to their environment, can grow and reproduce, obtain and use energy, maintain internal balance, allow for evolutionary adaption |
| Levels of Organization | Cellular level, organismal level, populational level Each organization builds on the level below it and they often demonstrate new features |
| Cellular Organization | At Bottom- Atoms-Molecules-Organelles-Cells |
| Cell | Basic Unit of Life |
| Organismal Level | At Bottom- Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems-Organism |
| Populational Level | From Bottom- Population-species-community-ecosystem |
| Emergent Properties | New properties present at one level that are not seen in the previous level |
| Science aims to understand the natural world through: | Observation and Reasoning |
| Science begins with | Observations |
| Much of science is | Purely Descriptive |
| Science uses both ___ and ___ reasoning | Deductive and Inductive |
| Deductive Reasoning (define) | uses general principles to make specific predictions |
| Inductive Reasoning | uses specific observations to develop general conclusions |
| "I have only seen white swans, therefore all swans are white" -deductive or inductive? | Inductive |
| Scientific Method a.k.a. systematic approach includes these five things: | 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis Formation 3. Prediction 4. Experimentation 5. Conclusion |
| Hypothesis | is a possible explanation for an observation Other: 1. Must be tested to determine validity 2. is often testing in different ways 3. allows for predictions to be made 4. There must be an alternative allowing for rejection |
| While scientist use a similar method there are multtiple approaches and different methods apply for different types of studies. These can be, but are not limited to: | 1. Rigorous hypothesis testing "scientific method" 2. descriptive studies 3. Reductionist approach 4. Synthetic Approach (models) |
| Scientific method involves many repeated cycles so that it can | Disprove, not prove |
| Theory: | If a hypothesis is still supported after years of experimentation from many sources it will become one. |
| Univying Themes in Biology, Examples: | Evolution, Cell theory, Emergent Properties |
| Cell Theory (define) | All living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Emergent Properties | New properties that are present at one level of organization that are not seen in the previous level |
| Cells: Information Processing Systems: | Cells process information stored in DNA as well as info received from the environment |
| Molecular basis of inheritance | DNA encodes genes which control living organisms and are passed from one generation to the next |
| The proper ____ of a molecule is dependent on it's structure | Fuction |
| The ______ of a molecule can often tell us about its function | Structure |
| There are # naturally occurring elements. | 90 |
| only __ # elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts | 12 |
| 4 elements make up 96.3 percent of human body weights. These are: | 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen |
| Atoms are composed of : | Protons, Neutrons, Electrons |
| Protons | Positively charged particles (+1) |
| Neutrons | neutral particles (0) |
| Electrons | negatively charged particles(-1) |
| Protons and neutrons are located in the: | nucleus |
| Electrons are found in the: | orbitals surrounding the nucleus |
| Every different atom has a characteristic number of | protons in the nucleus |
| Atomic number: | number of protons |
| Each proton and neutron has a mass of | 1 Dalton |
| Atomic mass | The sum of protons and neutrons |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons |
| Think of isotopes as | versions |
| Neutral Atoms | have the same number of protons and electrons |
| Ions | Charged atoms (also called elctrolytes) |
| Cations | have more protons than electrons and are positively charged |
| Anions | Have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged |
| Electrons posses _____ energy (type) | Potential |
| The electrons (close?/Far?) fromt he nuclus have the most energy | far |
| Lowest Energy Level Shell | K |
| About K energy level: | 1. Nearest the nucleus 2. Contains single "s" orbital (1s) 3. Contains 1 or 2 electrons (max 2) |
| Neon: | noble gas, contains 2+8 (=10) electrons, very stable, completely filled k and l shells |
| Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, while still | retaining the energy of their position in the atom |
| Oxidation | losing an electron |
| Reduction | gaining an electron |
| Valence Electrons | In the outermost energy level of an atom |
| The chemical properties of a specific element depend on | interactions between valence electrons of other atoms |
| Atoms with full energy levels are ___ (more/less) reactive than atoms with unfilled energy levels | less |
| Atoms tend to establish completely full | outer energy levels |
| Molecules | Groups of atoms help dogether in a stable association |
| Compounds | molecules containing more than one type of element |
| Chemical bonds | the interactions between atoms that hold them together in molecules or compounds |
| Chemical bonds important in biology (5) | 1. ionic bonds 2. covalent bonds 3. hydrogen bonds 4. hydrophobic interactions 5. van der Waal forces |
| The weak attractions between a parially negative atom and a partially positive hydrogen atom produce a | hydrogen bond |
| In terms of strength between covalent and ionic... which one is stronger? | Covalent |
| Water | H20 readily forms hydrogen bonds and because of its structure has many other properties |
| Solvent | (the water) or the liquid that things are dissolved in |
| Hydrophillic | water-loving |
| Hydrophobic | water-fearing |
| Basis of pH scale? | hydrogen ion (H+1) |
| Acids and Bases: higher vs. lower | Acid-Lower Base-Higher |
| Acid | a chemical that releases H+1 ions |
| Base | a chemical that accepts H+1 ons |
Created by:
bridgetannd
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