For Exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Properties of Life | Are composed of cells, are complex and ordered, respond to their environment, can grow and reproduce, obtain and use energy, maintain internal balance, allow for evolutionary adaption
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| Levels of Organization | Cellular level, organismal level, populational level Each organization builds on the level below it and they often demonstrate new features
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| Cellular Organization | At Bottom-
Atoms-Molecules-Organelles-Cells
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| Cell | Basic Unit of Life
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| Organismal Level | At Bottom-
Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems-Organism
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| Populational Level | From Bottom-
Population-species-community-ecosystem
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| Emergent Properties | New properties present at one level that are not seen in the previous level
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| Science aims to understand the natural world through: | Observation and Reasoning
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| Science begins with | Observations
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| Much of science is | Purely Descriptive
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| Science uses both ___ and ___ reasoning | Deductive and Inductive
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| Deductive Reasoning (define) | uses general principles to make specific predictions
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| Inductive Reasoning | uses specific observations to develop general conclusions
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| "I have only seen white swans, therefore all swans are white" -deductive or inductive? | Inductive
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| Scientific Method a.k.a. systematic approach includes these five things: | 1. Observation
2. Hypothesis Formation
3. Prediction
4. Experimentation
5. Conclusion
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| Hypothesis | is a possible explanation for an observation
Other:
1. Must be tested to determine validity
2. is often testing in different ways
3. allows for predictions to be made
4. There must be an alternative allowing for rejection
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| While scientist use a similar method there are multtiple approaches and different methods apply for different types of studies. These can be, but are not limited to: | 1. Rigorous hypothesis testing "scientific method"
2. descriptive studies
3. Reductionist approach
4. Synthetic Approach (models)
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| Scientific method involves many repeated cycles so that it can | Disprove, not prove
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| Theory: | If a hypothesis is still supported after years of experimentation from many sources it will become one.
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| Univying Themes in Biology, Examples: | Evolution, Cell theory, Emergent Properties
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| Cell Theory (define) | All living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from pre-existing cells
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| Emergent Properties | New properties that are present at one level of organization that are not seen in the previous level
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| Cells: Information Processing Systems: | Cells process information stored in DNA as well as info received from the environment
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| Molecular basis of inheritance | DNA encodes genes which control living organisms and are passed from one generation to the next
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| The proper ____ of a molecule is dependent on it's structure | Fuction
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| The ______ of a molecule can often tell us about its function | Structure
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| There are # naturally occurring elements. | 90
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| only __ # elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts | 12
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| 4 elements make up 96.3 percent of human body weights. These are: | 1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
4. Nitrogen
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| Atoms are composed of : | Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
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| Protons | Positively charged particles (+1)
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| Neutrons | neutral particles (0)
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| Electrons | negatively charged particles(-1)
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| Protons and neutrons are located in the: | nucleus
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| Electrons are found in the: | orbitals surrounding the nucleus
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| Every different atom has a characteristic number of | protons in the nucleus
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| Atomic number: | number of protons
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| Each proton and neutron has a mass of | 1 Dalton
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| Atomic mass | The sum of protons and neutrons
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| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons
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| Think of isotopes as | versions
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| Neutral Atoms | have the same number of protons and electrons
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| Ions | Charged atoms (also called elctrolytes)
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| Cations | have more protons than electrons and are positively charged
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| Anions | Have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged
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| Electrons posses _____ energy (type) | Potential
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| The electrons (close?/Far?) fromt he nuclus have the most energy | far
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| Lowest Energy Level Shell | K
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| About K energy level: | 1. Nearest the nucleus
2. Contains single "s" orbital (1s)
3. Contains 1 or 2 electrons (max 2)
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| Neon: | noble gas, contains 2+8 (=10) electrons, very stable, completely filled k and l shells
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| Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, while still | retaining the energy of their position in the atom
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| Oxidation | losing an electron
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| Reduction | gaining an electron
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| Valence Electrons | In the outermost energy level of an atom
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| The chemical properties of a specific element depend on | interactions between valence electrons of other atoms
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| Atoms with full energy levels are ___ (more/less) reactive than atoms with unfilled energy levels | less
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| Atoms tend to establish completely full | outer energy levels
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| Molecules | Groups of atoms help dogether in a stable association
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| Compounds | molecules containing more than one type of element
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| Chemical bonds | the interactions between atoms that hold them together in molecules or compounds
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| Chemical bonds important in biology (5) | 1. ionic bonds
2. covalent bonds
3. hydrogen bonds
4. hydrophobic interactions
5. van der Waal forces
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| The weak attractions between a parially negative atom and a partially positive hydrogen atom produce a | hydrogen bond
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| In terms of strength between covalent and ionic... which one is stronger? | Covalent
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| Water | H20 readily forms hydrogen bonds and because of its structure has many other properties
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| Solvent | (the water) or the liquid that things are dissolved in
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| Hydrophillic | water-loving
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| Hydrophobic | water-fearing
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| Basis of pH scale? | hydrogen ion (H+1)
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| Acids and Bases: higher vs. lower | Acid-Lower
Base-Higher
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| Acid | a chemical that releases H+1 ions
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| Base | a chemical that accepts H+1 ons
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Created by:
bridgetannd
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