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Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What composes the cardiovascular system? | Heart and closed system of blood vessels. |
| Primary function of the Cardiovascular system | Circulation (movement of oxygen, CO2, heat, nutrients, hormones, waste, enzymes, electrolytes) |
| Layers of the heart | Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium |
| Epicardium | Outermost layer of heart, provides small amount of protection to heart. |
| Epicardium make-up | Serous membrane (epithelial tissue, connective tissue) |
| Myocardium | Middle layer, muscular wall of heart, responsible for pumping blood through heart and into great vessels. |
| Myocardium make-up | Cardiac muscle, blood vessels, and nerves. |
| Endocardium | Inner most layer, very smooth, blood passing through the heart touches this layer. |
| Endocardium make-up | Epithelial tissue |
| Heart Location and Size | In mediastinum (middle region of thorax), size of closed fist |
| Chambers of the heart | There are 4, Atria (2) and Ventricles (2), separated by a septum |
| Atria | Superior chambers, "receiving chambers" (get blood from veins), thin-muscular walled chambers |
| Right Atrium | Get deoxygenated blood from Superior and Inferior Vena Cava and Coronary Sinus. |
| Left Atrium | Get oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins and lungs. |
| Ventricles | Inferior chambers, "pumping chambers" (pump blood out of heart into arteries), myocardium is thicker than in atria. |
| Right Ventricle | Pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary arteries (take blood to lungs), |
| Left Ventricle | Pumps oxygenated blood into aorta, thickest layer of myocardium (pumps blood to whole body, has to travel further) |
| Great Blood Vessels of the Heart | Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonay Arteries, Pulmonary Veins, Aorta |
| Superior Vena Cava | Drains deoxygenated blood from veins in head, neck, and arms into right atrium. |
| Inferior Vena Cava | Drains deoxygenated blood from veins in abdomen and legs into right atrium. |
| Pulmonary Trunk | First portion of pulmonary artery, comes directly from right ventricle after pulmonary semi-lunar valve, branches to form left and right pulmonary arteries. |
| Pulmonary Arteries | Branch from pulmonary trunk, take deoxygenated blood to lungs where CO2 and O2 gas exchange occurs. |
| Pulmonary Veins | Take oxygenated blood from lungs into left atrium. |
| Aorta | Largest artery, extends from left ventricle after aortic semi-lunar valve, descends into lower abdomen, many arteries branch off (transport oxygen rich blood) |
| Major branches of Aorta | Coronary artery, brachiocephalic artery, carotid artery, left subclavian artery. |
| Coronary Artery | first branches of aorta (openings located just above the aortic semi-lunar valve), take oxygenated blood to myocardium. |
| Brachiocephalic Artery | Takes blood into arteries supplying the right arm and right side of the head. |
| Left Common Carotid Artery | Takes blood into arteries that supply left side of head. |
| Left Subclavian Artery | Transports blood to arteries that supply left arm with blood |
| Heart Valves | Flap-like structure allowing flow of blood one way, 4 valves (important to normal function of heart), formed from endocardium |
| The Four Specific Heart Valves | Tricuspid, Pulmonary Semi-Lunar, Bicupid (Mitral), Aortic Semi-Lunar |
| Tricupid Valve | Between right atrium and ventricle, made of three flaps (cusps), AV valve, controls blood flow between right atrium and ventricle. |
| Pulmonary Semi-Lunar Valve | Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, three half moon flaps. |
| Bicupid (Mitral) Valve | Between left atrium and ventricle, two flaps (cusps), Av valve, controls blood flow between left ventricle and atrium. |
| Aortic Semi-Lunar Valve | Between left ventricle and aorta, three half moon flaps. |
| Flow of Blood throught the Body | Inferior/superior vena cava, R atrium, tricupid valve, R venticle, pulmonary semi-lunar valve, pulmonary trunk, R/L pulmonary arteries, lungs (get oxygen), R/L pulmonary veins, L atrium, bicuspid valve, L ventricle, aortic semi-lunar, aorta, vessles |
| Cardiac Conduction System (Intrinsic Conduction System) | Heart's own internal conducting system (allows it to control its own beat (property of automaticity), heart beat may be changed by nerve impulses sent from brain. |
| 5 Parts of Cardiac Conduction System | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Bundle branches, Conduction (Purkinje) fibers |
| SA Node | cardiac impulse that starts myocardial contraction begins here, in right upper atrium, Pacemaker (without stimulation from brain it impulses at regular interals. |
| AV Node | SA nerve impulse enters here, in the lower part of right atrium, slows down nerve impulse to allow complete contraction of both atria. |
| AV Bundle | Impulse relayed through here into left and right bundle branches |
| Bundle Branches | Take impulses to the left and right ventricles |
| Conduction (Purkinje) Fibers | Stimulates the myocardium of both ventricles and contract at the same time. |
| Cardiac Cycle | One complete heartbeat with contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of atria and ventricles. |
| Stroke Volume (SV) | Volume of blood pumped with each heartbeat. (70 mL normal stroke volume) |
| Heart Rate (HR) | Number of beats in 1 minute (normal bpm 60-100) (people average a bpm of 72-80) |
| Cardiac Output (CO) | CO= SV(mL/min) x HR (beats/min) |
| Factors Affecting Cardiac Output | Anything that makes the heart beat faster or stronger (will increase CO) Ex. exercise stress, medication, nicotine. |
| Artery | Oxygenated blood vessel (execpt for pulmonary artery+branches) that carries blood away from the heart. |
| Arterioles | Small arteries |
| Veins | Deoxygenated blood vessle (except for pulmonary veins) that carries blood towards the heart. |
| Venule | Small vein |
| Layers of Arteries and Veins | Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima |
| Tunica Externa (Adventitia) | Outer layer, made of fibrous connective tissue, gives flexible support that resists collapse or injury. |
| Tunica Media | Middle layer, made of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, allows for constriction and dilation of the blood vessels. |
| Tunica Intima (Endothelium) | Inner layer, made of epithelial tissue, provides a smooth inner lining. IN VEINS- modified with valves to regulate blood-flow direction |
| Capillaries | Small vessel that carries blood from arteries to venules, where nutrients and waste are exchanged between body cells |
| Capillary Make-Up | One layer (tunica intima), thinness permits ease of nutrient and waste transport across blood vessel wall with body cells |
| Pulse | Alternate expansion and recoil of an artery. |
| Pulse Cause | Blood from the heart is pumped into the aorta (causes alternating increase and decrease in pressure. Result of elasticity of the artery--> allows them to expand and recoil with changing pressure |
| Pulse Points | Pulse can be felt wherever an artery lies near the surface and over a bone (or other firm background) |
| Locations of Pulse Points | Radial Artery, Temporal Artery, Common Carotid Artery, Facial Artery, Brachial Artery, Femoral Artery, Popliteal Artery, Dorsalis Artery. |
| Radial Artery | Felt at the wrist on the thumb side. Used to take patients pulse when assessing vital signs. |
| Temporal Artery | Front of the ear/above and to the outer side of eye. |
| Common Carotid Artery | Along sides of trachea in neck. |
| Facial Artery | Lower margin of the lower jawbone. |
| Brachial Artery | Inner bend of the elbow, often used to measure BP |
| Femoral Artery | Located in groin |
| Popliteal Artery | In pit behind the knee. |
| Dorsalis Pedis Artery | Upper surface of the foot. |
| Blood Pressure | The force of blood on artery walls. |
| Sphygmomanometer function | Pressure greater than that inside artery is applied(can´t hear blood flow is brachial artery), slowly releases until equal to artery pressure, blood comes through in a fast tapping sounds (systolic BP), second sound that is heart right before dissapearing |
| Systolic BP | Top of BP reading, heard when ventricles contract |
| Diastolic BP | Bottom of BP reading, heard when ventricles relax |
| Healthy BP | 100/60 to 120/80 |
| Prehypertensive BP | 120/80 to 139/89 |
| Hypertensive BP | 140/90 can cause MI or CVA |
| Pulmonary Circulation | Involves structures in the heart that transport deoxygenated blood from the body tissues to the lungs. |
| Pulmonary Pathway | Inferior + Superior Venca Cava and Coronary Sinus, Right Atrium, Tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semiĺunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulomary arteries, lungs |
| Systemic Circulation | Involves structures in the heart that transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body tissues. |
| Systemic Pathway | Pulmonary Veins, Left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta, aortic branches, arteries, arterioles, capillaries |
Created by:
Gemm
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