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CHAPTER 5
BASIC LAB EQUIPMENT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| NIST stands for | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
| What is NIST responsible for? | set standards for International System of Units (SI) and measurement tools |
| Describe calibration | determining exact units that labware will measure or deliver by relating it to a known concentration |
| What are reagents? | typically chemical substances that are used in biological testing |
| What does it mean when a pipette is labelled "TC"? | the pipette will contain the desired amount of fluid. the pipette should be fully blown out and rinsed with diluent to remove all the liquid |
| TC means | to contain |
| TD means | to deliver |
| What does it mean when a pipette is labelled "TD"? | the pipette will deliver the desired amount of fluid allowed by gravity, so do NOT force the small excess of fluid out of the pipette |
| Blowout means | all remaining fluid should be blown out |
| What is the best kind of glassware to use within the lab and why? | Borosilicate; it is resistant to heat, corrosion, and thermal shock |
| Pyrex and Kimax are examples of companies that produce | borosilicate glass |
| What are beakers meant to do | transfer/mix liquids |
| True or false: all flasks are heat-resistant | True |
| Which flask contains no graduations | Florence flask |
| Which flask has multiple graduations and can give approximations of liquids | Volumetric flask |
| How many graduations does a Volumetric flask have? | One |
| Which flask meets NIST specifications | Volumetric |
| Which kind of glassware is not as accurate as volumetric flask, but is more versatile due to the multiple graduations? | Graduated cylinders |
| Why might reagent bottles be tinted? | To prevent UV exposure |
| Why must test tubes be heat-resistant? | They can be the site of chemical reactions |
| What is the function of Photometric Cuvettes? | Accurately measure the transmission of light for spectrophotometric analysis |
| Why do both volumetric flasks and volumetric pipettes meet NIST specifications? | Because they only have one measurement calibration, making them very accurate |
| Which graduated pipette has graduations to the tip? | Serological |
| Which graduated pipette does NOT have graduations to the tip and is TD? | Mohr |
| What does it mean when a Serological pipette has a frosted band with two rings on it? | That it is a blowout pipette |
| What type of pipette needs to be calibrated for repetitive measurements? | Automatic |
| Which pipette uses very small volumes of measurement? | Micropipette |
| What organization establishes the Calibration of Volumetric Glassware? | National Bureau of Standards |
| What are some considerations made when calibrating Volumetric Glassware? | They are calibrated by weight using distilled water with a balance at a particular temperature of 20 degrees Celsius |
| Which of the four balances is the most sensitive and why? | Electrical; it encloses the pan in order to prevent any external forces (ie. airflow) from messing with the electromagnetic compensation |
| How does electromagnetic compensation work? | It counterbalances the object's load |
| Define centrifugation | the process of separating solid material from a liquid by applying increased gravitational force by consistent rotations and spinning |
| What is the supernatant? | the liquid left at the top that has less dense components |
| What is the sediment/pellet? | The solid left at the bottom that contains more dense components |
| How is a horizontal head centrifuge designed? | The cups are vertical at rest, and then they are horizontal while spinning |
| What is an advantage of the fixed angle centrifuge? | The cups are held at a fixed angle, so it prevents the disruption of cells when revolving |
| Which kind of centrifuge would be used to separate cells for analysis? | Ultracentrifuge |
| RPM describes | the number of full rotations completed per minute |
| Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) formula is | RCF=(RPM)^2 × 1.12 × 10-5 |
| What are some considerations that should be made when utilizing a centrifuge? | Make sure it is balanced properly and lubricate the centrifuge regularly |
| According to CAP, what is the recommended period to check the centrifuge's RPM? | every 3 months |
| What is the purpose of the water bath? | to stimulate body temp (37 degrees Celsius) for chemical reactions |
| What agencies are responsible for calibrating thermometers | NIST and American National Standards Institute |
| What agency is responsible for Lab Water specifications? | CLSI |
| Which type of lab water is the most pure and is referred to as analytical grade water | Type I Water |
| What is type of lab water is used most commonly within the lab | Special Reagent Water (SRW)/Type II Water) |
| Which water type is used to rinse glassware? | Type III Water |
| _______________________ is used at the beginning of the purification process to trap any particulates before the water is sent out for reverse osmosis or distilation | Pre-Trap filters |
| How is lab water distilled? | It separates contaminants with a higher boiling point than water |
| How does reverse osmosis work? | It uses pressure to force pure water through a porous membrane that rejects contaminants |
| What role do resins play in deionizing water? | Because they are electrically charged, they attract and bind to salts, removing them from water |
| What agency classifies chemicals in the lab? | ACS |
| ACS stands for | American Chemical Society |
| AR (Analytical Reagent)= | highest purity |
| What type of chemical grade lacks an impurity limit | CP (Chemical Pure) |
| What chemical grade is less pure than CP? | USP and National Formulary (NF) |
| What chemical grade is not used and has the lowest purity | Technical or commerical |
| What organization develops standards and purity levels for chemicals? | IUPAC |
| IUPAC stands for | International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry |
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