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bio 1-4 chap
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells considered the fundamental unit of life | They are the smallest unit that can carry out all processes of life independently, unlike tissues and organs which rely on multiple cells. |
| Response to stimuli | The property of life that involves reacting to external changes, like light or touch. |
| Cell size and efficiency | As a cell gets larger, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, making exchange less efficient. |
| Domain with membrane-bound organelles | Domain Eukarya. |
| Nodes on a phylogenetic tree | Common ancestors where evolutionary lineages diverged. |
| Homeostasis | The process by which organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain stability. |
| Adaptation | A trait shaped by natural selection that enhances survival and reproduction. |
| Ecosystem | A community of living organisms plus the nonliving components of their environment. |
| Population | A group of organisms of the same species living in a defined area. |
| Organelle | A specialized cellular structure with a specific function (e.g., mitochondria). |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. |
| Domain Bacteria | Prokaryotic organisms lacking a nucleus; often unicellular and diverse. |
| Domain Archaea | Prokaryotic organisms distinct from bacteria, often living in extreme environments. |
| Domain Eukarya | Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
| Cell | The fundamental unit of life; the smallest structure capable of independent existence. |
| Bond that gives water unique properties | Hydrogen bonds. |
| Polarity and water interactions | Polar molecules form hydrogen bonds with water; nonpolar molecules are repelled. |
| Evaporation of water | Hydrogen bonds must be broken before water can evaporate. |
| Dissolving salts in water | Ionic compounds dissociate into ions surrounded by water molecules. |
| Saturated fatty acids at room temperature | Solid, because their straight chains pack tightly. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms bonded together. |
| Covalent bond | A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons. |
| Ionic bond | A bond formed when electrons are transferred, creating charged ions. |
| Hydrogen bond | A weak bond between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative atom. |
| Hydrophilic | Molecules attracted to water (polar). |
| Hydrophobic | Molecules that repel water (nonpolar). |
| Isomers | Molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms. |
| Heat of vaporization | The amount of energy needed to turn liquid water into vapor. |
| Saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds; solid at room temperature. |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | A fatty acid with one or more double bonds; typically liquid at room temperature. |
| Trans fatty acid | An unsaturated fatty acid with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond, making it straighter. |
| Acid | A substance that increases hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration in solution. |
| Base | A substance that decreases hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration in solution. |
| Sterols vs other steroids | Sterols have a hydroxyl (-OH) group. |
| Acidic amino acids | Aspartate and glutamate, which carry a negative charge. |
| Joining amino acids | Dehydration synthesis forms peptide bonds. |
| Breaking apart amino acids | Hydrolysis breaks peptide bonds by adding water. |
| Backbone of DNA and RNA | Phosphodiester bonds. |
| Secondary protein structure | Folding patterns like α-helices and β-sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds. |
| Macromolecule | A large biological molecule (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates). |
| Dehydration synthesis | A reaction that joins monomers by removing water. |
| Hydrolysis | A reaction that breaks down polymers by adding water. |
| Peptide bond | A covalent bond between amino acids. |
| Primary protein structure | The sequence of amino acids in a protein. |
| Tertiary protein structure | The overall 3D shape of a protein. |
| Quaternary protein structure | The association of multiple protein subunits. |
| Steroid | A lipid molecule with four fused rings (e.g., cholesterol). |
| Cholesterol | A steroid synthesized by the liver; precursor of steroid hormones and vitamin D. |
| Phosphodiester bond | A covalent bond linking nucleotides in nucleic acids. |
| Nucleotide | Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. |
| Endosymbiotic theory | Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria. |
| Golgi apparatus role | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids; acts like the cell’s “post office.” |
| Cytoskeletal tracks for vesicles | Microtubules. |
| Rough ER vs Smooth ER | Rough ER has ribosomes and makes proteins; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and makes lipids, detoxifies, and stores calcium. |
| Lysosome role | Digests and recycles waste, old organelles, and pathogens. |
| Endosymbiosis | The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotes engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. |
| Mitochondria | Organelles that generate ATP through cellular respiration. |
| Chloroplasts | Organelles that carry out photosynthesis in plant cells. |
| Endomembrane system | A network of membranes (ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vesicles) that process and transport proteins and lipids. |
| Rough ER | Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis and modification. |
| Smooth ER | Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, detoxifies, and stores calcium. |
| Golgi apparatus | Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids. |
| Lysosome | Organelle containing enzymes that digest waste, damaged organelles, and pathogens. |
| Ribosome | Organelle that synthesizes proteins. |
| Microtubules | Cytoskeletal elements made of tubulin that provide tracks for organelle movement. |
| Actin filaments | Cytoskeletal fibers important for cell shape and movement. |
| Intermediate filaments | Cytoskeletal elements that provide structural stability and anchor organelles. |
| Cilia | Short, hair-like structures for movement or fluid flow. |
| Flagella | Long, whip-like structures used for movement. |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of protein filaments that maintain cell shape and facilitate movement. |
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xyrophenics
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