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YASSSSSSSS
AP Language and Composition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cause and Effect | Explains why something happens (cause) and what results (effect). |
| Compare and Contrast | Looks at similarities and/or differences between subjects. |
| Describe | Uses vivid detail to create a mental picture. |
| Narrate | Tells a story or recounts a sequence of events. |
| Explain a Process | Gives step-by-step instructions or explains how something works. |
| Define | Explains the meaning of a term, concept, or idea. |
| Classify and Divide | Organizes things into categories (classify) or separates a whole into parts (divide). |
| Ethos | Appeal to credibility, authority, or ethics. |
| Pathos | Appeal to the audience’s emotions. |
| Logos | Appeal to logic and reasoning (facts, examples, evidence). |
| Rhetorical Question | A question asked for effect, not an answer. |
| Metaphor | Direct comparison without like or as (“The classroom was a zoo”). |
| Simile | Comparison using like or as (“Brave as a lion”). |
| Personification | Giving human qualities to nonhuman things. |
| Anecdote | Short personal story used to illustrate a point. |
| Imagery | Descriptive language that appeals to the senses. |
| Pun | A play on words with multiple meanings. |
| Irony | A contrast between expectation and reality. |
| Hyperbole | Exaggeration for effect. |
| Litotes | Understatement using a negative (“not bad” = good). |
| Synecdoche | A part represents the whole (“all hands on deck”). |
| Metonymy | A related word stands for something (“the crown” for monarchy). |
| Oxymoron | Contradictory words together (“deafening silence”). |
| Aphorism | Short, witty statement of truth or wisdom. |
| Paradox | A statement that contradicts itself but reveals truth (“less is more”). |
| Onomatopoeia | A word that imitates a sound (“buzz,” “clang”). |
| Alliteration | Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. |
| Assonance | Repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words. |
| Consonance | Repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of words. |
| Apostrophe | Addressing someone absent or nonhuman as if present. |
| Euphemism | Softer wording for something harsh (“passed away” instead of “died”). |
| Allusion | Reference to a well-known work, person, or event. |
| Epithet | Descriptive phrase highlighting a characteristic (“swift-footed Achilles”). |
| Anadiplosis | Repetition of the last word of one clause at the start of the next. |
| Chiasmus | Reversal of structure in two phrases (“Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country”). |
| Antiphrasis | Using a word in an opposite way, often ironic. |
| Hypophora | Asking a question and immediately answering it. |
| Meiosis | Understatement that downplays importance (“a scratch” for a deep wound). |
| Appositive | A noun or noun phrase that renames another noun. |
| Parallelism | Repetition of grammatical structure for balance. |
| Juxtaposition | Placing two ideas side by side for contrast. |
| Antithesis | Contrasting ideas in parallel form. |
| Asyndeton | Omission of conjunctions for speed and impact. |
| Polysyndeton | Use of many conjunctions for emphasis. |
| Diacope | Repetition with words in between (“To be, or not to be”). |
| Repetition | Repeating words or phrases for emphasis. |
| Epistrophe | Repetition at the end of clauses (“See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil”). |
| Anastrophe | Inverted word order (“Strong in the force, you are”). |
| Loose Sentence | Main idea first, followed by details. |
| Periodic Sentence | Main idea comes at the end. |
| Antanagoge | Balancing a negative with a positive. |
| Antimetabole | Repetition of words in reverse order. |
| Enumeratio | Listing details step by step. |
| Congeries | Piling up synonyms for emphasis. |
| Epanalepsis | Repetition of the beginning word at the end. |
| Metanoia | Correcting or qualifying a statement. |
| Zeugma | A single word governs two or more parts (“She broke his car and his heart”). |
| Isocolon | Parallel phrases of equal length (“Veni, vidi, vici”). |
| Deductive Reasoning | General principle → specific case. |
| Syllogism | A type of deductive reasoning with two premises and a conclusion. |
| Inductive Reasoning | Specific cases → general conclusion. |
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