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Neural Bases Part 3b
Neuroscience for Speech and Hearing, test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The limbic system includes | areas that are important for emotional response, olfaction, learning and memory. Functionally, they regulate all visceral, endocrine and sensorimotor functions. |
| the function of the CINGULATED GYRUS | emotional, somatic and autonomic functions |
| the function of the HIPPOCAMPUS | storing and retrieving memories; learning |
| the function of the BASAL NUCLEI | don’t initiate motor activity, but regulate cortically initiated motor activity, incl speech by suppressing competing movements for precise and target motor activity |
| the function of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS | involved with motor function |
| the function of the AMYGDALA | generally responsible for activating emotional behavior, related to limbic sys; aggression, mating, stress-mediated responses, memory, feeding and drinking |
| the function of the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA | contains a group of nuclei that produce dopamine, inhibitory to caudate and putamen |
| Parkinson’s disease | a degenerative lesion involving substantia nigra |
| the primary function of the THALAMUS | integrates and relays all sensorimotor information to cerebral cortex, except olfaction |
| Thalamic Syndrome | increased or decreased thresholds for the sensations of touch, pain and temperature on the contralateral side of the body |
| the primary functions of the HYPOTHALAMUS | as the central regulator of the autonomic and endocrine functions, it controls visceral functions including: body temperature regulation, eating and drinking, etc |
| clinical symptoms that commonly result from hypothalamic dysfunction | disturbances of food intake, water balance, libido (hubba hubba), menstruation, and temperature control |
| the 3 primary divisions of the BRAINSTEM (mesencephalon) | midbrain, pons, medulla |
| the function of the CEREBELLUM | important for equilibrium and the coordination of movement; acts as a comparator of motor output and sensory input to fine tune movement, important for locomotion, movement learning and balance |
| the function of the PEDUNCLES | connect the cerebellum with the brainstem |
| the function of the superior peduncle | transmits cerebellar outputs to the brainstem, then to the thalamus, motor cortex and spinal cord; mediates ongoing movements |
| the function of the middle peduncle | relays ongoing sensorimotor information from opposite cerebral hemispheres |
| the function of the inferior peduncle | mediates sensorimotor information from the spinal cord and brainstem, mediates vestibular information |
| CEREBELLAR NUCLEI: dentate | limb coordination |
| CEREBELLAR NUCLEI: interposed | regulates movements of ipsilateral extremities |
| CEREBELLAR NUCLEI: fastigial | connected to vestibular system; maintains equilibrium and body posture |
| the functional organization of the CEREBELLAR LOBE | ipsilateral organization |
| CEREBELLAR LOBE: the function of the archicerebellum | balance |
| CEREBELLAR LOBE: the function of the paleocerebellum | locomotion, muscle tone, equilibrium and posture |
| CEREBELLAR LOBE: the function of the neocerebellum | limb and speech coordination |
| general characteristics of cerebellar symptoms | an ipsilateral character to the signs, deficits related to motor functions with no sensory loss or paralysis, gradual recovery |
| the results of damage to the cerebellum | patients cannot precisely control their body parts during movement even though they seem normal in regard to strength and somatosensation; most pronounced in activities that require rapid, alternating movements |
| Cerebellar impairment: Ataxia | lack of order and coordination in sequential voluntary muscle activity |
| Cerebellar impairment: Dysarthria | impaired ability to make needed modifications and alteration in ongoing oral-facial movement; produces a drastic effect on speech |
| Cerebellar impairment:Dysmetria | an error in the judgment of a movement’s range or the distance to the target |
| Cerebellar impairment: Hypotonia | normal muscle tension is decreased and the muscle becomes floppy |
| Cerebellar impairment: Disequilibrium | predominantly affects the legs; marked by unsteady gait with the body wavering toward the side of the lesion |
| PONS: Metencephalon | Location: between the midbrain and medulla; Function: contains all descending motor fibers and ascending sensory fibers |
| MEDULLA OBLONGATA: Myelencephalon | Location: Most caudal part of the brainstem; Function: it contains all the motor fibers that descend to the spinal cord and all the sensory fibers that carry sensory information from the body to the more rostral brain areas |
| DERMATOME | an area of skin that is supplied with the nerve fibers of a single, posterior, spinal root; 31 pairs of spinal nerves are formed by the merging of sensory and motor roots of the spinal cord |
| ASCENDING CIRCUITS | sends sensory information from the body parts up to the brain |
| DESCENDING CIRCUITS | sends motor information down to muscles; Decussation pattern: on their way to the spinal cord, the corticospinal fibers cross the midline at the causal end of the medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract |
Created by:
jrschwa1
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