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Presidents List
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1789-1797, VP-John Adams, Whiskey Rebellion; Citizen Genet; Jay Treaty; First Bank of U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790; Fugitive Slave Act of 1793; Slave Trade Act of 1794. First Cabinet. | George Washington |
| 1797-1801, VP-Thomas Jefferson; XYZ Affair; Quasi-War with France; Alien & Sedition Acts; first President in White House; died same day as Jefferson (July 4, 1826); Federalist | John Adams |
| 1801-1809, VP-Aaron Burr, George Clinton; Formation of Army Corps of Engineers; Marbuy v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase (1803); Lewis & Clark expedition; First Barbary War; Embargo Act of 1807; ban on international slave trade in 1808 | Thomas Jefferson |
| 1809-1817, VP -George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry; "Father of the Constitution;" Second Bank of U.S.; War of 1812 with Britain (1812-1815);"Battle of New Orleans; Tecumseh's War; Battle of Tippecanoe; Second Barbary War; Era of Good Feelings | James Madison |
| 1817-1825, VP- Daniel D. Tompkins; Era of Good Feelings; Panic of 1819; Missouri Compromise (1820); First Seminole War; Purchase of Florida from Spain; Monroe Doctrine; McCullough v. Maryland ; Monrovia, Liberia named for Monroe; Died July 4, 1831 | James Monroe |
| 1825-1829, VP - John C. Calhoun; Accused of "Corrupt Bargain" by Jackson; American System (infrastructure improvement plan); numerous treaties with foreign powers | John Quincy Adams |
| 1829-1837, VP - Calhoun, Van Buren. Nicknamed "Old Hickory;" payed off of national debt; Spoils System; killed Bank of U.S.; "Nullification Crisis" & "Tariff of Abominations"; Indian Removal Act of 1830 ; Second Seminole War; Texas Revolution; Coinage Act | Andrew Jackson |
| 1837-1841, VP - Richard Johnson. Panic of 1837; Amistad ; Free Soil Party candidate in 1848 | Martin Van Buren |
| 1841, VP-John Tyler; Served 31 days; "Tippecanoe & Tyler too;" General during War of 1812; first to die in office | William Henry Harrison |
| 1841-1845, VP- none; First to succeed to Presidency; annexation of Texas; end of Second Seminole War | John Tyler |
| 1845-1849, VP - George M. Dallas; Manifest Destiny; 49th parallel dividing U.S. & British Canada; Mexican American War (1846-1848); groundbreaking of Washington Monument | James K. Polk |
| 1849-1850, VP- Fillmore; "Old Rough & Ready;" General during Mexican- American War; Mexican Cession; California Gold Rush; Mormons settle Utah; died in office | Zachary Taylor |
| 1850-1853, VP- none; Succeeded after Taylor's death; Compromise of 1850 & Fugitive Slave Act; sent Commodore Perry to Japan; Know Nothing Party candidate in 1856 | Millard Fillmore |
| 1853-1857, VP- William R. King; Gadsen Purchase; Kansas-Nebraska Act; Border War between Free Soilers & Pro-slavery in Kansas & Missouri ("Bleeding Kansas") | Franklin Pierce |
| 1857-1861; VP-John C. Breckenridge ; Dred Scott v. Sanford ; Panic of 1857; shots fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina | James Buchanan |
| 1861-1865; VP-Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson, Secession of 13 Southern states; Civil War (1861-1865); Sherman's March to the Sea; Emancipation Proclamation; Homestead Act of 1862; Gettysburg Address; Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act;1st Pres shot. | Abraham Lincoln |
| 1865-1869; VP-none; Succeeded to office after Lincoln's assassination vetoed Civil Rights Act of 1866; first to have a veto overridden; first to be impeached; ("Seward's Folly"); granted amnesty to all Confederates; Tenure of Office Act | Andrew Johnson |
| 1869-1877 VP- Colfax, Henry Wilson; 15th Amendment; Transcontinental RR in 1869; Naturalization Act of 1870; Battle of Little Bighorn; Yellowstone National Park; Black Friday scandal; Whiskey Ring scandal, Credit Mobilier scandal, Panic of 1873 | Ulysses S. Grant |
| 1877-1881 VP- A. Wheeler. End of Reconstruction; Great Railroad Strike; Nez Perce Indian uprising; civil service reform; Compromise of 1877 (lost popular vote, but won electoral vote) | Rutherford B. Hayes |
| 1881 VP-Chester A. Arthur; Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act; assassinated by Charles Guiteau | James A. Garfield |
| 1881-1885; succeeded following Garfield's assassination; Pan- American Conference (1882); Immigration Act of 1882; Chinese Exclusion Act | Chester A. Arthur |
| 1885-1889; VP- Hendricks; Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC); Dawes Act | Grover Cleveland |
| 1889-1893, VP-Morton; Dependent & Disability Pension Act; Sherman Antitrust Act; Sherman Silver Purchase Act; (Ag) std. Lakota Sioux Ghost Dance; Battle of Wounded Knee; electricity installed in White House; McKinley Tariff; "Billion-Dollar Congress" | Benjamin Harrison |
| 1893-1897, Stevenson; Panic of 1893; repeal of Sherman Act; Pullman Strike; gold standard | Grover Cleveland |
| 1897-1901; Hobart, TDR; Spanish-American War (1898); Philippines, Guam, Cuba, & Puerto Rico; annexation of Hawaii; Open Door Policy with China; Boxer Rebellion; Gold Standard Act; Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo; assassinated by Leon Czolgosz | William Mckinley |
| 1901-1909 youngest President to serve; Progressive reform; "Square Deal"; "Big Stick Diplomacy"; "Trust-Buster"; Hepburn Act; US Forest Service; Yosemite National Park; Roosevelt Corollary:Panama Canal began; Philippine-American War | Theodore Roosevelt |
| 1909-1913. VP: Sheman Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act; Income tax (16th Amendment); Dollar Diplomacy; Chief Justice of Supreme Court 1921-1930; advocated separate building for Supreme Court (had been at Capitol) | William H. Taft |
| 1913-1921 Federal Reserve Act ; Clayton Antitrust Act; World War I; U.S. in 1917; League of Nations; Treaty of Versailles (1919); Immigration Act of 1918; Palmer raids; First Red Scare; Creel Commission; Panama Canal in 1914; Nobel Peace Prize 1919 | Woodrow Wilson |
| 1921-1923, VP: R. Marshall; First president with a radio in the White House; appointed the "Ohio Gang" to offices; Federal Highway Act of 1921; beginning Roaring 20's (Jazz Age); Teapot Dome scandal; died in office (probably of heart disease) | Warren G. Harding |
| 1923-1929, succeed following Harding's death; Immigration Act of 1924; laissez-faire approach to economy; vetoed farm bills; Great Mississippi Flood of 1927; reduced taxes and business regulation; Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928; Indian Citizenship Act | Calvin Coolidge |
| 1929-1933. End of Roaring Twenties; Stock Market Crash beginning of Great Depression; prosection of mobsters (e.g., Al Capone); Federal Bureau of Prisons; construction of Boulder (Hoover) Dam; Smoot-Hawley Tariff; "Hoovervilles"; Bonus Army; Emergenc | Herbert Hoover |
| 1933-1945 elected 4 times; First 100 Days; Brain Trust of advisors; New Deal; fireside chats on the radio; Emergency Banking Act & FDIC; Federal Emergency Relief Administration; Civilian Conservaton Corps (CCC) | FDR |
| Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act); Second Bill of Rights (economic rights); Good Neighbor Policy towards Latin America; World War II (1939-1945); America enters war Dec. 7, 1941 after Japan -Pearl Harbor; Lend Lease Act; | FDR |
| Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA); Public Works Administration; Works; Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA); Progress Administration; Social Security Act; Securites & Exchange Commission (SEC) ;repeal of Prohibition (21st Amendment); | FDR |
| part of Big 3 (with Churchill & Stalin of USSR); Tehran & Yalta Conferences; had polio; United Nations ;Four Freedoms speech; Atlantic Charter with Churchill of Britain broke precedent of only seeking 2 terms; end of Great Depression | FDR |
| 1945-1953 succeeded after FDR's death; Victory in Europe (VE) Day (May 8, 1945); Potsdam Conference; use of atomic bombs on Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Victory in Japan (VJ) Day (August 14); Taft-Hartley Act; Fair Deal; beginning of Cold War; | Harry S. Truman |
| defeated Dewey in 1948 election; development of hydrogen bomb; Korean War (1950-1953); fired Gen. Douglas MacArthur; NATO; McCarthy-ism & House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC); Julius & Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage; 22nd Amendment; | Harry S. Truman |
| creation of U.S. Air Force, CIA, & National Security Council; Berlin Airlift; recognition of Israel. Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan | Harry S. Truman |
| 1953-1961 supreme Allied Commander in Europe WWII; Interstate Highway System; domino theory; creation of NASA; nuclear deterrent strategy; end of Korean War; Eisenhower Doctrine; U-2 Spy Plane Incidet (Gary Powers); | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Brown v. Board of Education; integration of Little Rock Central High School; Alaska & Hawaii admitted to Union; aid to French Indochina (Vietnam) | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| 1961-1962 youngest President elected; only non-Protestant President (Catholic); Berlin Wall; Bay of Pigs invasion; Cuban Missile Crisis; Alliance for Progress in Latin America; established Peace Corps; U.S. involvement in Vietnam; | JFK |
| Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty; "New Frontier" domestic policy; Space Race; assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty; "New Frontier" domestic policy; Space Race; assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. | JFK |
| 1963-1969 succeeded after JFK's assassination; Warren Commission; Civil Rights Act of 1964; Voting Rights Act; Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD); nominated Thurgood Marshall to Supreme Court (1st African American); | LBJ |
| Elementary & Secondary Education Act; Higher Education Act of 1965; War on Poverty; Head Start; food stamps; Work Study; Gun Control Act of 1968; assassination of Robert Kennedy by Sirhan Sirhan (1968); Harlem (NYC) riots; | LBJ |
| Immigration Act of 1965; Great Society; Medicare; Medicaid;Kerner Commission; escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam; Vietnam War (1964-1973); Gulf of Tonkin; Tet Offensive (1968); 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago | LBJ |
| Watts (Los Angeles) riots; assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968); | LBJ |
| 1969-1974 1972 visit to China; phased withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam; end of Vietnam War; Pentagon Papers; improved relations with USSR; 1973 oil crisis following U.S. support of Israel in Yom Kippur War; Energy Crisis in 1970s; | Richard Nixon |
| New Federalism; formed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); War on Drugs; Watergate scandal; Equal Rights Amendment (ERA); 1st and only President to resign; Apollo 11 lands on the moon (1969); Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty | Richard Nixon |
| 1974-1977 succeeded after Nixon's resignation; pardoned Nixon; high inflation; evacuation of and fall of Saigon, Vietnam (1975); US Bicentennial (1976) | Gerald Ford |
| 1977-1981 civil service reform; amnesty for Vietnam War draft dodgers; Airline Deregulation Act; Energy Crisis; Department of Energy; installed solar panels on White House; Camp David Accords between Egypt & Israel; | Jimmy Carter |
| supplied Afghanistan militants against USSR; boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympics; Iran Hostage situation. signed Panama Canal treaties to plan for return of canal to Panama | Jimmy Carter |
| 1981-1989 increase of military spending; pressure on USSR; ending inflation; proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or "Star Wars"); War on Drugs (Just Say No campaign); Tax Reform Act of 1986; oldest President to be elected and to serve; | Ronald Reagan |
| Iran Contra Affair; Reaganomics; Cold War End; military action in Grenada, Libya, & Lebanon; supported rebels in Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Angola, & Cambodia; Savings & Loan Crisis; Air Traffic Controller's Strike; support for Iraq in Iran-Iraq War | Ronald Reagan |
| 1989-1993 collapse of USSR; end of Cold War; fall of Berlin Wall; military involvement in Panama; Operation Desert Storm (Persian Gulf War) against Iraq; Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA); thousand points of light | George H.W Bush |
| 1993-2001 Don't ask don't tell policy; Internet; Brady Bill; World Trade Center bombing (1993); NAFTA; Defense of Marriage Act; Monica Lewinsky scandal; 2nd President to be impeached; New Democrat; Battle of Mogadishu (Black Hawk Down) in Somalia; | William J. Clinton |
| NATO involvement in Bosnia & Serbia/Kosovo; Oslo Accords; tried to broker peace between PLO & Israel; missile strikes on Bagdad, Iraq; Operation Desert Strike in Iraq; Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing (1995); | William J. Clinton |
| lack of action in Rwandan genocide; Al-Qaeda bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya & Tanzania ;Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Branch Davidians in Waco, TX (David Koresh); welfare reform | William J. Clinton |
| 2001-2009 son of George H.W. Bush; September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on World Trade Center & Pentagon; War on Terror; war in Afghanistan; war in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom); capture of Saddam Hussein; No Child Left Behind Act; | George W Bush |
| PATRIOT Act; Dot- Com Bubble; significant increase in spending; mortgage crisis & housing market crash; recession; oil prices soared; Hurricane Katrina; opposed Kyoto Protocol; Embryonic stem cell veto; immigration reform; | George W Bush |
| North Korea becomes nuclear-capable; Amber Alert; worked to reduce fossil fuel & foreign oil dependence; Guantanamo Bay interrogations of terrorist | George W Bush |
| 2009-2017 first African American President; appointed Sonia Sotomayor as 1st Hispanic justice of Supreme Court; American Recovery & Reinvestment Act; Patient Protection & Affordable Health Care Act; | Barack Obama |
| NATO involvement in Libya (overthrow and death of Muammar Gadhafi); killing of Osama Bin Laden in Abottabad, Pakistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; bail-outs to financial & auto industries; BP oil spill in Gulf of Mexico; end of Iraq War; | Barack Obama |
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