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Stack week 7-13
Nerves, CNS, PNS, ANS, Glands, Blood and Heart, Lymph, Respiratory, GI, AcidBase
| The membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron's plasma membrane | Resting Membrane Potential |
| A slight shift away from the RMP in a specific region of the plasma membrane | Local potential |
| Movement towards zero | Depolarization |
| Movement of the membrane potential away from zero | Hyperpolarization |
| Membrane potential of an active neuron | Action potential |
| Sodium diffuse ___ cell, while potassium diffuses ____ cell during a(n) ____ potential, during a process called ____ | Into, Out, Action, Repolarization |
| Membrane potential begins to move back toward the RMP | Repolarization |
| -70 mV | Resting Membrane potential |
| >-70 mV <-70 mV | Local potential |
| -59 mV | Threshold potential |
| +30 mV | Action potential |
| Action Potential is not an all-or-none process | False |
| The ___ is the second largest part of the brain | Cerebellum |
| This part of the brain is responsible for emotions, impulses of sensations, produces complex reflex movements | Thalamus |
| This part of the brain is responsible for linking to the nervous system and endocrine system | Hypothalamus |
| This secretes the hormone melatonin | Pineal Gland |
| What are the four lobes of the brain? | Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Frontal |
| The concept that localization of function varies from person to person, and even at different times in an individual's life when the brain has sustained damage | cerebral plasticity |
| C1-C8 | cervical nerve pairs |
| T1-T12 | thoracic nerve pairs |
| L1-L5 | lumbar nerve pairs |
| S1-S5 | sacral nerve pairs |
| Soon after each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cavity, it forms several large branches | Ramus |
| The ventral rami of most spinal nerves--all but nerves T2-T12--subdivide to form complex networks | plexus |
| Each skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of given spinal nerve | Dermatome |
| Skeletal muscle group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve | Myotome |
| CN I | Olfactory |
| CN II | Optic |
| CN III | Oculomotor |
| CN IV | Trochlear |
| CN V | Trigeminal |
| CN VI | Abducens |
| CN VII | Facial |
| CN VIII | Vestibulocochlear |
| CN IX | Glossopharyngeal |
| CN X | Vagus |
| CN XI | Accessory |
| CN XII | Hypoglossal |
| Two divisions follow separate pathways, many autonomic effectors are ____ | Dually innervated |
| Conducts impulses from the brainstem or spinal cord to an autonomic ganglion | Preganglionic neuron |
| Conducts impulses away from the ganglion | Postganglionic neuron |
| They have their dendrites and cell bodies within the lateral gray horns of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord | Sympathetic preganglionic neurons |
| Have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem or in the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord | Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons |
| Alpha receptors, beta receptors | Norepinephrine (Adrenergic) |
| Nicotinic receptors, muscarinic receptors | Acetylcholine (Cholinergic) |
| Fight-or-Flight | Sympathetic Division |
| Rest-and-digest | Parasympathetic |
| Slows heart rate and promotes digestion and elimination | Parasympathetic |
| Activated by mechanical stimuli tat in some way "deform" or change the position of the receptor, resulting in the generation of a receptor potential | Mechanoreceptors |
| Activated by either the amount or the changing concentration of certain chemicals | Chemoreceptors |
| Activated by changes in temperature | Thermoreceptors |
| Activated by intense stimuli of any type that results in tissue damage | Nociceptors |
| Respond to light stimuli if the intensity is great enough to generate a receptor potential | Photoreceptors |
| Concentrated in the hypothalamus and sense levels of osmotic pressure in body fluids | Osmoreceptors |
| Encapsulated tactile end organs | Tactile corpuscles (Meissner corpuscles) |
| Involves in touch and low-frequency vibration | Bulboid corpuscle (Krause end bulb) |
| Receptors mediate sensation of crude, heavy, and persistent touch | Bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini corpuscle) |
| Malleus, Incus, Stapes | Auditory ossicles |
| Vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals | Bony labyrinth |
| Describes the clear and potassium rich-fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth | Endolymph |
| Fluid similar to cerebrospinal fluid, surrounds the membranous labyrinth and therefor fills the space between the membranous tunnel and its contents and the bony walls that surround it | Perilymph |
| A function needed to maintain balance when the head or body itself is rotated or suddenly moved | Dynamic equilibrium |
| Manufactured by endocrine cells from cholesterol, an important type of lipid in the human body | Steroid, Nonsteroid |
| Hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulated their growth and secretion | Tropic hormones |
| Hormones that target reproductive tissues | Sex Hormones |
| Hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells | Anabolic hormones |
| Whole blood constitute about __ of total body weight, Plasma accounts for __, formed elements account for about __ of the total blood volume. | 8%, 55%, 45% |
| What is plasma? | Water fluid portion of blood is the extracellular matrix of blood tissue |
| What are red blood cells called? | Erythrocytes |
| What are white blood cells called? | Leukocytes |
| What are thrombocytes? | Platelets |
| Red blood cells have a nucleus. | False |
| The heart is covered in a special covering | Pericardium |
| Visceral layer of the serous pericardium | Epicardium |
| Bulk of the heart wall is thick, contractile, middle layer of the specially constructed and arranged cardiac muscle cells | Myocardium |
| Lining of the interior of the myocardial wall is a delicate layer | Endocardium |
| What are the pumping chambers? | Ventricles |
| What valve is the entrance for pumping nonoxygenated blood? | Pulmonary valve |
| The myocardial structures that generate and conduct action potentials | Conduction system of the heart |
| What are the four structures that make up the core of the electrical conduction system? | Sinoatrial (SA) node, Atrioventricular (AV) node, Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (Bundle of His), Subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers) |
| What is the pacemaker node? | SA node |
| Systole ___, while diastole ____ | Contracts, Relax |
| Clear, watery-appearing fluid found in the lymphatic vessels | Lymph |
| Fills the spaces between the cells | Interstitial fluid |
| Lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestine serve an important function in the absorption of fats and other nutrients | Lacteals |
| Molecular markers visible to immune systemn | Antigens |
| It is "in place" before a person is exposed to a particular harmful particle or condition | Innate Immunity (nonspecific) |
| Recognizes variety of different groups of foreign cells or particles | Innate immunity |
| Recognizes specific antigens on specific cells or particles | Adaptive immunity (specific) |
| Ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles by phagocytes | Phagocytosis |
| Classes of lymphocytes | B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) |
| Attacks pathogens more directly | T cells |
| Antibody-mediated immunity, produce antibodies that attack pathogens | B cells |
| Results from nondeliberate exposure to antigens | Natural immunity |
| Results from deliberate exposure to antigens, called immunization | Artificial immunity |
| Immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial; last longer | Active Immunity |
| Immunity developed in another individual is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune; temporary but provides immediate protection | Passive Immunity |
| A gas's volume is inversely proportional to its pressure | Boyle's law |
| Volume is directly proportional to temperature when pressure is held constant | Charles's law |
| The situation when the gas in question is actually a mixture of different kinds of gas molecules, as in air | Dalton's law |
| Describes how the pressure of a gas relates to the concentration of that gas in a liquid solution | Henry's law |
| Normal and typical respiration | Tidal Volume |
| Largest additional volume of air that one can forcibly expire after expiring tidal air | Expiratory reserve volume |
| Amount of air that can forcibly inspired over and above a normal inspiration | Inspiratory reserve volume |
| Amount of air that cannot be forcibly expired | Residual volume |
| IRV+TV=ERV | Vital capacity |
| IC=TV+IRV | Inspiratory capacity |
| FRC = ERV + RV | Functional residual capacity |
Created by:
marygrace.quezon
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