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Marina K
Physiology Final Study Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What causes the 'lub' and 'dub' heart sounds? | 'Lub' is the closing of AV valves during ventricular contraction; 'dub' is the closing of semilunar valves during relaxation. |
| What is the role of voltage-gated sodium channels in an action potential? | They open in response to membrane depolarization, allowing Na⁺ to enter the cell and further depolarize the membrane. |
| How does myelination increase the speed of nerve conduction? | By allowing saltatory conduction, where the action potential jumps between nodes of Ranvier. |
| What is temporal summation in neural signaling? | It’s the accumulation of postsynaptic potentials from a single presynaptic neuron firing in rapid succession. |
| How do photoreceptors respond to light in the retina? | Light hyperpolarizes photoreceptors, decreasing glutamate release and altering signaling to bipolar and ganglion cells. |
| What is the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation? | It links the nervous and endocrine systems by releasing hormones that control the anterior pituitary. |
| What mechanism allows steroid hormones to affect gene expression? | They pass through the cell membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and act as transcription factors. |
| What is the function of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation? | They detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the medulla to adjust heart rate and vessel diameter. |
| How does the complement system aid in immune defense? | It enhances phagocytosis (opsonization), promotes inflammation, and forms the membrane attack complex to lyse pathogens. |
| How do B cells and T cells differ in their immune functions? | B cells produce antibodies; T cells directly kill infected cells (cytotoxic) or coordinate immune responses (helper). |
| What is the role of bile in fat digestion? | Bile emulsifies fats into micelles, increasing surface area for lipase activity. |
| How are glucose and amino acids absorbed in the small intestine? | Via secondary active transport with sodium through symporters on the apical membrane of epithelial cells. |
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