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T.L.O.M CH14
The Language of Medicine Chapter 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adaptive Immunity | The ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them. Humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T cells) are examples. |
| Adenoids | Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx. |
| Antibody | Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens. |
| Antigen | Substance that the body recognizes as foreign: evokes an immune response. Most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells. |
| Axillary Nodes | Lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm). |
| B cell | Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secret antibodies. The B refers to the bone marrow, which is where B cells most often originate. |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | T cells (Cytotoxic, Helper, and Suppressor) respond to antigens and destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity. |
| Cervical Nodes | Lymph nodes in the neck region. |
| Complement System | Set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target. |
| Cytokines | Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction. Examples are interferons and interleukins. |
| Cytotoxic T Cell | Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8+ T cell. |
| Dendritic Cell | Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack. |
| Helper T Cell | Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells; CD4+ T cell. |
| Humoral Immunity | B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity. |
| Immunity | Body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs. This includes natural immunity and adaptive immunity. The word immunity comes from Latin immunis, meaning exempt or protected from. |
| Immunoglobulins | Antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD; secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen. |
| Immunotherapy | Use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease. |
| Inguinal Nodes | Lymph nodes in the groin region. |
| Interferons | Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response. |
| Interleukins | Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes. |
| Interstitial Fluid | Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enter lymph capillaries. |
| Lymph | Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body. |
| Lymph Capillaries | Tiniest lymphatic vessels. |
| Lymph Node | Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection. |
| Lymphoid Organs | Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland. Tonsils and adenoids are other examples of lymphoid organs. |
| Lymph Vessel | Carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest. |
| Macrophage | Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body. Phag/o means to eat or swallow. |
| Mediastinal Nodes | Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity. |
| Mesenteric Nodes | Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region). |
| Monoclonal Antibody | Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy. |
| Natural Immunity | Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. It is not antigen specific and does not elicit memory. |
| Paraaortic Nodes | Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body. |
| Plasma Cell | Lymphocyte that secrets antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes. |
| Right Lymphatic Duct | Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck. |
| Spleen | Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood. |
| Suppressor T Cell | Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of and T cells. Also called a Treg. (regulatory T cell) |
| T cell (T Lymphocyte) | Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens. |
| Thoracic Duct | Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm, and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck. |
| Thymus Gland | Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response. |
| Tolerance | Ability of T Lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly. |
| Tonsils | Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx. |
| Toxin | Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants. |
| Vaccination | Exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. |
| Vaccine | Weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies. |
| immun/o | protection |
| lympho | lymph |
| lymphaden/o | lymph node (gland) |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| tox/o | poison |
| ana- | again, anew |
| inter- | between |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems. |
| Kaposi Sarcoma | A cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark-purplish skin nodes. |
| Wasting Syndrome | Weight loss and decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity. |
| Candidiasis | Yeast-like fungus (Candida), normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vaginal, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, and skin. |
| Cryptococcal Infection | Yeast-like fungus (cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections. Pathogen is found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil. |
| Cryptosporidiosis | Parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord. |
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection | Virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye). Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised. |
| Herpes Simplex | Viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals. Herpes simplex virus also can cause encephalitis. |
| Histoplasmosis | Fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum; causes fever, chills, and lung infection. Pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings. |
| Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection | Bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections. |
| Pneumocystis Pneumonia | One-celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. |
| Toxoplasmosis | Parasitic infection involving the central nervous system and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis (slight paralysis in alf of the body, and seizures. |
| Tuberculosis | Bacterial disease (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. Signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum. |
| Allergy | Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen. |
| Lymphoma | Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue. |
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. The disease is characterized by lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes enlarge), splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite. |
| Non-Hodgkin Ly | |
| Macrophage | Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body. Phag/o means to eat or swallow. |
| Mediastinal Nodes | Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity. |
| Mesenteric Nodes | Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region). |
| Monoclonal Antibody | Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy. |
| Natural Immunity | Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. It is not antigen specific and does not elicit memory. |
| Paraaortic Nodes | Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body. |
| Plasma Cell | Lymphocyte that secrets antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes. |
| Right Lymphatic Duct | Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck. |
| Spleen | Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood. |
| Suppressor T Cell | Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of and T cells. Also called a Treg. (regulatory T cell) |
| T cell (T Lymphocyte) | Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens. |
| Thoracic Duct | Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm, and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck. |
| Thymus Gland | Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response. |
| Tolerance | Ability of T Lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly. |
| Tonsils | Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx. |
| Toxin | Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants. |
| Vaccination | Exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. |
| Vaccine | Weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies. |
| immun/o | protection |
| lympho | lymph |
| lymphaden/o | lymph node (gland) |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| tox/o | poison |
| ana- | again, anew |
| inter- | between |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems. |
| Kaposi Sarcoma | A cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark-purplish skin nodes. |
| Wasting Syndrome | Weight loss and decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity. |
| Candidiasis | Yeast-like fungus (Candida), normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vaginal, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, and skin. |
| Cryptococcal Infection | Yeast-like fungus (cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections. Pathogen is found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil. |
| Cryptosporidiosis | Parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord. |
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection | Virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye). Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised. |
| Herpes Simplex | Viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals. Herpes simplex virus also can cause encephalitis. |
| Histoplasmosis | Fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum; causes fever, chills, and lung infection. Pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings. |
| Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection | Bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections. |
| Pneumocystis Pneumonia | One-celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. |
| Toxoplasmosis | Parasitic infection involving the central nervous system and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis (slight paralysis in alf of the body, and seizures. |
| Tuberculosis | Bacterial disease (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. Signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum. |
| Allergy | Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen. |
| Lymphoma | Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue. |
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. The disease is characterized by lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes enlarge), splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite. |
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas | Include follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma |
| Multiple Myeloma | Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells. |
| Thymoma | Tumor of the thymus gland. |
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