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T.L.O.M CH12
The Language of Medicine Chapter 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adenoids | Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils. |
| Alveolus | Air sac in the lung. |
| Apex of the Lung | Tip or uppermost portion of the lung. An apex is the tip of a structure. Apical means pertaining to or located at the apex. |
| Base of the Lung | Lower portion of the lung; from the Greek basis, foundation. Basilar means located at or in the base. |
| Bronchioles | Smallest branches of the bronchi. Terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts. |
| Bronchus | Branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube. |
| Carbon Dioxide | Gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs. |
| Cilia | Thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract. They clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung. |
| Diaphragm | Muscle separating chest and abdomen. It contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to push air out. |
| Epiglottis | Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing. |
| Exhalation | Breathing out; expiration. |
| Glottis | Slit-like opening to the larynx. |
| Hilum of the Lung | Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs. Hilar means pertaining to (at) the hilum. |
| Inhlalation | Breathing in; inspiration |
| Larynx | Voice box; containing the vocal cords. |
| Lobe | Division of a lung. |
| Mediastinum | Region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, major blood vessels, esophagus, and bronchial tubes. |
| Nares | Openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities. |
| Oxygen | Gas that makes up 21 percent of the air we breathe. It passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells. |
| Palatine Tonsil | One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth). |
| Paranasal Sinus | One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose. |
| Parietal Pleura | Outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall. |
| Pharynx | Throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. |
| Pleura | Double-layered membranes surrounding each lung. |
| Pleural Cavity | Space between the layer of the pleura. |
| Pulmonary Parenchyma | Essential part of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli. |
| Respiration | Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) at the lung capillaries (external respiration or breathing) and within individual cells (internal respiration). |
| Trachea | Windpipe. |
| Visceral Pleura | Inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue. |
| Adenoid/o | Adenoids |
| Alveol/o | Alveolus, air sac. |
| Bronch/o, bronchi/o | Bronchial tube, bronchus. |
| Capn/o | Carbon dioxide. |
| Hypercapnia | A condition of excessive carbon dioxide. |
| Coni/o | Dust. |
| Pneumoconiosis | A condition caused by dust in the lung. |
| Cyan/o | Blue. |
| Epiglott/o | Epiglottis. |
| Laryng/o | Larynx, voice box. |
| Lob/o | Lobe of the lung. |
| Mediastin/o | Mediastinum. |
| Nas/o | Nose. |
| Orth/o | Straight, upright. |
| Orthopnea | A condition where breathing while standing is easier. |
| Ox/o | Oxygen. |
| Pector/o | Chest |
| Expectoration | A process of clearing out chest. Expelling mucus/phlegm from the lungs. |
| Pharyng/o | Pharynx, throat. |
| Phon/o | Voice |
| Dysphonia | A condition of abnormal, difficult voice. |
| Phren/o | Diaphragm. |
| Pleur/o | Pleura. |
| Pneum/o, pneumon/o | Air, lung. |
| Pneumothroax | Air in the chest. |
| Pneumonectomy | Surgical removal of an entire lung. |
| Pulmon/o | Lung. |
| Rhin/o | Nose. |
| Sinus/o | Sinus, cavity. |
| Spir/o | Breathing. |
| Tel/o | Complete. |
| Atelectasis | Incomplete expansion of the chest. (collapsed lungs) |
| Thorac/o | Chest |
| Tonsill/o | Tonsils |
| Trache/o | Trachea, windpipe. |
| -ema | condition |
| Empyema | A condition of pus in (pleural cavity). |
| -osmia | Smell |
| Anosmia | Condition of without smell. |
| -pnea | Breathing. |
| -ptysis | Spitting. |
| Hemoptysis | Spitting blood, coughing up blood. |
| -sphyxia | Pulse |
| Asphyxia | Condition of without pulse. |
| -throax | Pleural cavity, chest. |
| Auscultation | Listening to sounds within the body. Used for listening to the passage of air into and out of the lungs and listening to heart sounds. |
| Percussion | Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure. |
| Pleural Rub | Scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other. Also called friction rub. |
| Rales (Crackles) | Fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli. |
| Rhonchi | Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum. |
| Sputum | Material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting. |
| Purulent Sputum | Green or brown pus. |
| Sputum Culture | The specimen is maintained in a nutrient medium to promote growth of a pathogen. |
| Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) | Identifies the sputum pathogen and determines which antibiotic will be effective in destroying or reducing its growth. |
| Stridor | Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx and larynx. |
| Wheezes | Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing. |
| Croup | Acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor. Most common causative agents are influenza viruses or RSV. |
| Diphtheria | Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium. |
| Epistaxis | Nosebleed. Results from irritation of nasal mucous membranes, trauma, vitamin K deficiency, clotting abnormalities, blood-thinning medications, or hypertension. |
| Pertussis | Whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis. Characterized by paroxysmal (violent, sudden) spasms of coughing that end in a loud "whooping" inspiration. |
| Asthma | Chronic inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial and bronchiolar edema and constriction. Associated signs and symptoms are dyspnea, wheezing, increased mucous production, and cough. |
| Bronchiectasis | Chronic dilation of a bronchus, usually secondary to infection. |
| Chronic Bronchitis | Inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). |
| Cystic Fibrosis (CF) | Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally. |
| Atelectasis | Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli. |
| Emphysema | Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls. |
| Lung Cancer | Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi. |
| Pneumoconiosis | Abnormal lung condition caused by exposure to certain dusts; with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis. |
| Anthracosis | Coal Dust |
| Asbestosis | Asbestos (asbest/o) particles (in shipbuilding and construction trades) |
| Silicosis | Silica (silic/o = rocks) or glass (Grinder's disease) |
| Pneumonia | Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction. |
| Infiltrate | A fluid-filled area within the lungs as seen on a chest x-ray or CT scan. |
| Lobar pneumonia | Inflammation and infection of alveoli involving an entire lobe of a lung. |
| Pulmonary Abscess | Large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs. |
| Pulmonary Edema | Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles. |
| Pulmonary Embolism (PE) | Clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung. |
| Pulmonary Fibrosis | Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs. |
| Sarcoidosis | Chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs. |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected. Rod-shaped bacteria called bacilli invade the lungs, producing small tubercles or infection. |
| Mesothelioma | Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura |
| Pleural Effusion | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity). Two types: 1. Exudates (fluid from tumors and infections) 2. Transudates (fluid from congestive heart failure or cirrhosis). |
| Pleurisy (Pleuritis) | Inflammation of the pleura. |
| Pneumothorax | Collection of air in the pleural space. |
| Pleurodesis | (-desis means to bind). Artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura for treatment of persistent pneumothorax and severe pleural effusion. |
| Chest X-Ray (CXR) | Radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film). |
| Computed Tomography (CT) Scan of the Chest | Computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes. |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Chest | Magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral (sagittal), and cross-sectional (axial) planes. |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan of the Lung | Radioactive glucose is injected, and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs. |
| Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) Scan | Detection device records radioactivity in the lung after intravenous injection of a radioisotope and inhalation of a small amount of radioactive gas (xenon). |
| Bronchoscopy | Fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes. |
| Endotracheal Intubation | Placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway. |
| Laryngoscopy | Visual examination of the voice box. |
| Lung Biopsy | Removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination. |
| Mediastinoscopy | Endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum. |
| Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) | Tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs: airway function, lung volume, and the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently. |
| Thoracentesis | Needle is inserted into pleural space to remove excess fluid. |
| Thoracotomy | Large surgical incision of the chest. |
| Thoracoscopy | Visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope. |
| Tracheostomy | Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck. |
| Tuberculin Test | Determines past or present tuberculous exposure based on a positive skin reaction. |
| Tube Thoracostomy | Flexible, plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest. |
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