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Josie S Midterm

Physiology Mid Term

QuestionAnswer
What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body? Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
Define homeostasis Maintenance of internal stability despite external changes
What is an ionic bond? Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
What pH range is considered neutral? pH7
Function of mitochondria? Produce ATP via cellular respiration
What is primary active transport? Uses ATP to move substances against their gradient
Four basic tissue types? : Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What distinguishes pseudostratified from stratified epithelium? Pseudostratified appears layered but all cells touch the basement membrane
Three layers of skin, superficial to deep? : Epidermis → Dermis → Hypodermis
Role of melanocytes? Produce melanin to protect against UV damage
What is the basic unit of compact bone? Osteon (Haversian system)
Cells that build bone? Osteoblast
: Name two types of bone based on shape. Long (e.g., femur), short (e.g., carpals), flat (e.g., skull), irregular (e.g., vertebrae)
: Classification of joints by function? Synarthrosis (immobile), amphiarthrosis (slightly mobile), diarthrosis (freely movable)
The basic functional unit of skeletal muscle? Sarcomere
Role of calcium (Ca²⁺) in muscle contraction? Binds to troponin, enabling actin-myosin interaction
Agonist muscle? The muscle that produces the primary movement
Origin vs. insertion? Origin: fixed attachment; insertion: moves with contraction
Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic effects on heart rate? Sympathetic ↑, parasympathetic ↓
What is the function of a preganglionic neuron? It transmits impulses from the CNS to a ganglion in the autonomic nervous system.
What is the main function of the endocrine system? To secrete hormones that regulate body processes.
What gland is known as the 'master gland'? The pituitary gland.
What are the main components of blood? Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• What is the function of hemoglobin? To carry oxygen in red blood cells.
Created by: jsimmons5
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