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T.L.O.M CH5
The Language of Medicine Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal Tract | A long, hollow tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Its main function is to digest food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. |
| Ingestion | The process of taking food or drink into the body through the mouth. |
| Digestion | The process by which the body breaks down food into smaller, usable components like nutrients. This involves both mechanical (chewing, stomach churning) and chemical (enzymes and acids) actions. |
| Absorption | The process by which the nutrients from digested food are taken into the bloodstream or lymph from the small intestine so the body can use them for energy, growth, and repair. |
| Elimination | The final step in digestion, where undigested food and waste products are removed from the body as feces through the rectum and anus. |
| Digestive Enzymes | Proteins made by the body that speed up the breakdown of food into smaller molecules. |
| Amino Acid | A small molecule that is the building block of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids, and the body uses them to make and repair body tissues. |
| Glucose | A simple sugar and the main source of energy for the body’s cells. It comes from carbohydrates in food and is transported through the blood. |
| Triglyceride (fatty acid) | A type of fat (lipid) found in the blood. It’s made up of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids and is used by the body for long-term energy storage. |
| Oral Cavity (First part of the GI tract) | Cavity pertaining to the mouth (or/o) |
| Cheeks | Form the walls of the oval-shaped oral cavity. |
| Lips | Surround the opening to the cavity. |
| Hard Palate | Forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. |
| Soft Palate | Lies posterior to the hard palate. |
| Rugae | Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate. |
| Uvula | A small soft tissue projection, hangs from the soft palate. Aids production of sounds and speech. |
| Tongue | Extends across the floor of the oral cavity, and muscles attach it to the lower jawbone. |
| Mastication | Chewing. |
| Deglutition | Swallowing |
| Papillae | Small raised areas on the tongue, contain tase buds. that are sensitive to the chemical nature of foods and allow discrimination of different tastes as food moves across the tongue. |
| Tonsils | Masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes, lie on both sides of the oropharynx (part of the throat near the mouth). Purpose: Act as filters to protect the body from the invasion of microorganisms and produce lymphocytes. |
| Gums | Fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth. |
| Teeth | On each side, you have 3 molar teeth (including wisdom), 2 premolar teeth, one canine, and 2 incisor teeth. |
| Buccal Surface | Faces the cheek. |
| Lingual Surface | Faces the tongue. |
| Labial Surface | Faces the lips |
| Facial Surface | Includes the labial and buccal surfaces. |
| Crown | Shows above the gum line. |
| Root | Lies within the bony tooth socket. |
| Enamel | Outermost layer of the crown, protects the tooth. hardest tissue in the human body. |
| Dentin | Main substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and extends throughout the crown. |
| Cementum | Covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root. |
| Periodontal Membrane | Surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket. |
| Pulp | Lies underneath the dentin, fills the center of the tooth, pulp canal carries blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels. |
| Salivary Glands | Exocrine glands that produce saliva, which lubricates the mouth. (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual) |
| Parotid Gland | Largest salivary gland, located in front of and just below each ear. Produces saliva that contains amylase, an enzyme that starts breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth. |
| Submandibular Gland | Located beneath the lower jaw. Produces both watery and mucus-rich saliva and is responsible for most of the saliva produced in the mouth. |
| Sublingual Gland | Smallest of the major salivary glands. Lies under the tongue and primarily produces mucus-rich saliva that helps lubricate the mouth and start digestion. |
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