Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
APHY101 Flashcards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomical Position | Body erect; head, eyes, and feet parallel; feet slightly apart together; arms at the sides; palms facing forward; thumbs facing outward/pointing away |
| Supine | Laying on your way |
| Prone | Laying on belly |
| Lateral Decubitis | Laying on the side |
| Superior | Towards the head |
| Inferior | Towards the feet |
| Anterior/Ventral | Towards the front |
| Posterior/Dorsal | Towards the back |
| Medial | Towards the middle/midline |
| Lateral | Towards the side/away |
| Proximal | Closer to the point of origin |
| Distal | Further from the point of origin |
| Superficial | Closer to the surface |
| Deep | Further from the surface |
| Unilateral | A structure that occurs on only one side of the body |
| Bilateral | The same structure occurring on both sides of the body |
| Ipsilateral | Two different structures that occur/appear on the same side of the body |
| Contralateral | Two different structures that occur/appear on opposite sides of the body |
| Sagittal | Divides the body into right and left parts; Midsagittal - 50/50, Parasagittal - 60/40 |
| Frontal/Coronal | Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) |
| Transverse | Divides the body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom) |
| Ventral Body Cavity | Thoracic; Pleura - Covers the lungs, Pericardial - Covers the heart, and the Mediastinum Abdominopelvic; Abdominal - Covers abdominal organs, Pelvic - Covers pelvic organs |
| Visceral Membrane | Touches the organ |
| Parietal Memrane | Lines the cavity walls |
| Serous Fluid | Fluid that separates the visceral and parietal membranes providing lubrication |
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants | RUQ - Right Upper Quadrant, LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant, RLQ - Right Lower Quadrant, and LLQ - Left Lower Quadrant |
| Abdominopelvic Regions | Right/Left Hypochondriac, Right/Left Lumbar, Right/Left Iliac/Inguinal, Epigastric, Umbilical, and Hypogastric |
| Anatomy | The study of structure |
| Physiology | The study of function |
| Principles of Complementary | Function (physiology) reflects our form (anatomy) |
| Levels of Structural Organization | Chemical -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organisms; Cells+ - Cells are the first level of life properties |
| Organ Systems of the Body: | |
| Integumentary (skin, hair) | Protection |
| Skeletal (bones) | Support, organ protection and attachment site for muscles |
| Muscular (muscles) | Movement |
| Nervous (brain and spinal cord) | Control center |
| Endocrine (thyroid, adrenal glands) | Hormone regulation, growth, reproduction, metabolism |
| Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels) | Blood transportation, waste removal |
| Lymphatic (lymph nodes) | "Clean up crew" disposes of debris |
| Respiratory (lungs) | Breathing in O2 and removing CO2 |
| Digestive (stomach, liver, etc) | Breaks down food into usable energy |
| Urinary (kidney, bladder) | Eliminating or excreting waste |
| Male Reproductive System (penis, scrotum) | Offspring production |
| Female Reproductive System (ovary, mammary) | Offspring production |
| Characteristics of Life | |
| Maintenance of Boundaries | Ability to keep internal separate from external |
| Digestion | Take something large and break down to usable energy |
| Growth | Increase in part or size of organism |
| Exrection | Removing waste material out |
| Reproduction | Cells and organism (self) *Not a life property* |
| Movement | Motion with function or purpose |
| Metabolism | All chemical reactions in body |
| Responsiveness/Excitability | Sense changes and respond to them |
| Homeostasis | Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions (both internal and external stimuli) |
| Feedback Loops | Control mechanism the body uses to monitor, evaluate and change conditions in order to maintain homeostasis |
| Negative Feedback Loop | Want to reverse a change. Goal is to reduce or minimize a negative stimuli (ex: blood pressure, blood glucose, body temp) |
| Positive Feedback Loop | Increases/intensifies/enhances the original stimulus by moving further away from homeostasis (ex: normal childbirth, blood clotting) |
| Stimulus -> Receptor -> Input -> Output -> Response | Receptor - Monitor change, Control Center - Determines Response, Effector - Creates the change |
| Matter | A physical substance that occupies space and has mass (weight and space that something occupies) |
| Matter -> Elements -> Atoms -> Subatomic Particles | |
| Subatomic Particles | Neutrons - No charge, Protons - Positive charge, Electrons - Negative charge |
| 96% of our body weight consists of: | Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen |
| Ions/Electrolytes | Charged atoms that has gained or lost electrons |
| Cation | Has more protons than electrons P>E |
| Anion | Has more electrons than protons P<E |
| Molecules | Atoms of the same type combined |
| Compound | Multiple atoms combined |
| Solutions | Homogenous - Same or identical mixture broken down into a solvent (dissolving medium, usually a liquid) and the solute (what is being dissolves) (ex. flavored powder into a bottle of water) |
| Acids | Range from 6 to 0. An electrolyte that releases hydrogen ions |
| Bases | Range from 8 to 14. An electrolyte that releases hydroxyl ions |
| Buffers | Correct/return to neutral, To correct the environment for acidic solutions H>-OH, release hydrogen ions. To correct environment for basic solutions -OH>H, release hydroxyl ions |
| Organic Compounds | All contain carbons |
| Carbohydrates | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen = energy |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, and Deoxyribose |
| Disaccharides | Double sugars: Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose |
| Polysaccharides | Many simple sugars: Starch and Glycogen |
| Lipids | Carbon, hydrogen and a few oxygen atoms |
| Triglycerides | Energy storage |
| Phospholipids | Cell structure |
| Sterioids | Hormone production |
| Proteins | Amino acids acting as enzymes to speed up reactions |
| Nucleic Acids | RNA - Ribonucleic Acid (Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine and Uracil) DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine) ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate (energy currency) |
| Anatomical Regions | |
| Axial | The head, neck, and trunk |
| Appendicular | Limbs (arms and legs) |
| Cranial | Skull |
| Facisl | Face |
| Cephalic | The entire head |
| Occipital | The back of the head |
| Frontal | The forehead |
| Otic | The ears |
| Nasal | The nose |
| Oral | The mouth |
| Orbitsl | The eyes |
| Buccal | The cheek |
| Mental | The chin |
| Cervical | The neck |
| Axillary | The underarm, armpit |
| Sternal | The breastbone |
| Thoracic | The chest (front, side, and back) |
| Mammary | The breasts |
| Scapular | The shoulder blade |
| Abdominal | The abdomen |
| Umbilical | The navel |
| Pubic | The genital area |
| Inguinal | The groin (thigh attached to the body) |
| Vertebral | The spinal column |
| Coxal | The hip |
| Lumbar | The lower back |
| Sacral | The sacrum/tailbone |
| Acromial | The top of the shoulder |
| Brachial | The upper arm |
| Antecubital | The front elbow |
| Olecranal | The back elbow |
| Antebrachial | The forearm |
| Carpal | The wrist |
| Manual | The entire hand |
| Palmar | The palm of the hand |
| Digital | The finger or toes |
| Pollex | The thumb |
| Gluteal | The buttocks |
| Femoral | The thigh |
| Patellar | The kneecap |
| Popliteal | The back of the knee |
| Crural | The shin |
| Sural | The calf |
| Fublar | The side of the leg |
| Tarsal | The ankle |
| Pedal | The entire foot |
| Plantar | The bottom of the foot |
| Calcaneal | The heel |
| Hallux | The big toe |
| Microscopes | |
| Ocular Lenses | What you look into |
| Objective Lenses | Magnify; Red (4x - Scanning), Yellow (10x - Low Power), Blue (40x - High Power), and White (100x - Oil Immersion) |
| Stage | What you put slide on |
| Illuminator | Light source |
| Base | Bottom |
| Total Magnification | The power of the ocular lens times the power of the objective lens |
| Cell | The basic living, structural and functional unit of the body |
| Extracellular Fluid | Fluid outside of the cell for molecule transport. Components contain: water, NA+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- |
| Cytosol | Watery substance inside the cell |
| Cytoplasm | Cytosol + all the organelles |
| Cell Membrane/Plasma | Acts as a selectively permeable membrane that separates internal/external environments. Composed of phospholipids and proteins (hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails) |
| Cell Junctions | Gap Junction, Tight Junction and Desmosomes |
| Gap Junction | Connect cells together for communication. Found in the heart and nerves (ex: Jack and Jill bathroom connecting two bedrooms) |
| Tight Junction | Prevents molecules from passing through the extracellular space between cells. Is impermeable. Found in the digestive tract |
| Desmosomes (Mechanical Junction) | Helps anchor cells together by reducing tension. They pull ip and lock cells together. Found in the skin and heart |
| Cell Membrane Transportation | Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, Vesicular Transport |
| Simple Diffusion | Passive; Moves particles form an area of high concentration to low concentration with the goal of creating a homogenous solution |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Passive; Moves particles from an area of high to low concentration. Needs a channel or protein to be carried across |
| Osmosis | Passive; Water moves from an area of high water concentration to an area of low concentration; Symmetrical solution |
| Active Transport | Active; Move particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration |
| Vesicular Transport | All you need to know is that it is active |
| Tonicity (Red Blood Cells) | Movement of water to change the cell shape. Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic |
| Isotonic | Identical intracellular and extracellular environment. No water movement. Cell stays the same |
| Hypotonic | Water outside is greater than water inside the cell. Therefore, water moves into the cell causing it to swell and burst |
| Hypertonic | Water outside is less than water inside the cell. Water moves outside the cell causing it to shrink |
| Organelles | Know all of these |
| Cilia | Short hair-like extensions that propel a substance down a pathway (ex: cells in trachea) |
| Flagella | Singular extension that moves the cell to its desired location (ex: sperm) |
| Microvilli | Finger-like extensions to increase the surface area (ex: intestinal lining and kidney cells) |
| Ribosomes | Function: Protein synthesis; free floating or attached to the rough ER |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Function: Protein synthesis; covered in ribosomes |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Function: Synthesizing lipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones |
| Golgi Apparatus | Function: Modifies, concentrates and packages materials produced by the rough ER |
| Lysosome | Function: "Clean up crew" inside of the cell |
| Mitochondria | Function: Powerhouse of the cell; produced ATP (energy) |
| Cytoskeleton | Function: Stabilize and support cell structure |
| Centrosome/Centriole | Function: Plays a big role in mitosis |
| Nucleus | Function: Acts at the main control center; Nuclear Envelope (Membrane) encloses the nucleus; Nucleolus is where ribosomes are produced; Chromatic is genetic material |
| Cell Cycle | Process of Mitosis involves several stages |
| Interphase | Preparation Phase. G1: Normal cell growth and function; S: Duplicate DNA; G2: Double check DNA |
| Prophase | Chromatic becomes chromosomes; Nuclear envelope disappears; Centrosomes/centriole move away from one another; Mitotic spindles are formed |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes lines up in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate |
| Anaphase | Chromosomes split/separate and each half migrates to opposite poles of the cell |
| Telophase | Reversal of prophase; Chromosomes become chromatin; Nuclear envelope reappears; Mitotic spindles disappear |
| Cytokinesis | Splitting of cytoplasm intro two separate cells |
| Cleavage Furrow | Begins in the Anaphase stage of Mitosis and ends with Cytokinesis. This is the pinching of the cells into two individual cells |
| Tissues | Group of similarly shaped cells that perform a common function. All tissues contain cells and extracellular matrix |
| Four Types of Tissues | |
| Epithelial | Epithelium covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and body cavities. Special characteristics: Mostly cells and very little matrix, close together (tight junctions and desmosomes), avascular, rapidly dividing and reproducing tissue (high rate of mitosis |
| Size of Layers | Simple, Stratified, Pseudo-stratified, and Transitional |
| Simple Layer | Single layer |
| Stratified | Two or more layers |
| Transitional | Cell shape changes, allows for growing and returning back to original shape |
| Shape of Cells | Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar |
| Squamous | Flat, thin scale-like cells |
| Cuboidal | Cube-shaped; All sides generally the same size; Nucleus centrally located |
| Columnar | Tall, thin cells; Large oval nucleus at basal surface or inferior to middle area |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Description: Single layer of flattened cells; Function: Allow materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; Location: Kidney, lungs, heart |
| Simple Cuboidal | Description: Single later of cube-like cells; Function: Secretion and absorption; Location: Kidneys and ovaries |
| Simple Columnar | Description: Single layer of column-like cells; Function: Absorption and secretion; Location: Digestive tract |
| Stratified Squamous | Description: Two or more skin-like layers; Function: Protection; Location: Skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina |
| Stratified Cuboidal | Description: Two or more layers of cube-like cells; Function: Protection; Location: Sweat, mammary, salivary glands |
| Stratified Columnar | Description: Two or more laters of elongated and column-like cells; Function: Protection, secretion: Location: Urethra |
| Pseudo-stratified | Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights; Function: Secreted mucus; Location: Trachea *look for cilia and goblet cells* |
| Glands | Endocrine and Exocrine - make and secrete a fluid |
| Endocrine Gland | Secrete internally, secret a hormone into the bloodstream (ex: thyroid and adrenal gland) |
| Exocrine Gland | Secrete externally through a duct onto a body surface of cavity (ex: sweat, oil or salivary gland) |
| Goblet Cell | Unicellular, secrete mucus, lubrication and protects the lining |
| Connective Tissue | Most abundant, diverse and variable group of tissues; Hold things together, protects and provides shop absorption, insulation, transportation, and storage of energy |
| Collagen Fibers | Tough, provide strength and structure |
| Elastic Tissue | Provides flexibility and stretch |
| Reticular Fibers | Provide network-like structure (fishnet) |
| Types of Cells | Fibroblasts, Fibrocyte, Chondroblast, Chondrocyte, Osteoblast, Osteocyte, Adipocyte, Osteoclast, Hematopoietic Stem Cell, Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, Mast Cell, Macrophage |
| Fibroblast | Makes fivers found in the connective tissue |
| Fibrocyte | Mature fiber cell |
| Chondroblast | Make cartilage matrix |
| Chondrocyte | Mature cartilage cell |
| Osteoblast | Make bone matrix |
| Osteocyte | Mature bone cell |
| Adipocyte | Mature fat cell |
| Osteoclast | Bone destroying cell |
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell | Make blood cell |
| Erythrocyte | Red blood cell |
| Leukocyte | White blood cell |
| Mast Cell | Produce histamine and initiate inflammatory response |
| Macrophage | Eat worn/dead cells or cell components |
| Connective Tissue Proper | Includes all connective tissue except bone, cartilage and blood |
| Loose Areolar Connective Tissue | Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fibers types; Function: Wraps and cushions organs, protection: Location: Widely distributed connective tissue everywhere; Looks like: Elastic fibers are pen strokes, collagen isn blurry pink lines |
| Reticular Connective Tissue | Description: Loose network of reticular fibers; Function: Support white blood cells, microphages and mast cells; Location: Lymph organs, Looks Like: Cherry blossom tree |
| Dense, Regular Connective Tissue | Description: Wavy, parallel collagen fibers that withstand pull in one direction; Function: Attaches muscles to bones or other muscles, bones to bones; Location: Tendons and ligaments; Looks like: Pink way parallel pattern |
| Dense, Irregular Connective Tissue | Description: Collagen fibers thrown in haphazard pattern that withstand pull in multiple directions; Function: Provides structural strength; Location: Joint capsules; Looks like: Blue version of regular connective tissues with pink hues |
| Adipose Connective Tissue | Description: Closely packed adipocytes pushed to the side by large fat droplet; Function: Provides fuel reserve/energy; Location: Under skin in subcutaneous tissue around kidneys, eyeballs, breasts; Looks like: Marshmellows |
| Elastic Connective Tissue | Description: Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers; Function: Allows tissue to recoil after stretching; Location: Walls of arteries; Looks Like: Freeze-dried fruit jerky |
| Cartilage Types | Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Description: Collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; Function: Provides supports embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; Location: Long bones, cartilage of nose, trachea and larynx; Looks Like: Semi-circle eyeball |
| Elastic Cartilage | Description: Similar to hyaline but more elastic fibers; Function: Flexibility to allow shapes of structures to change; Location; External ear and epiglottis; Looks Like: Steak |
| Fibrocartilage | Description: Similar to hyaline but less firm, thick collagen fibers; Function: Compressive shock absorption; Location: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, disc of knee joint |
| Osseous Tissue | Function: Supports and protects; Location: Bones; Looks Like: Tree |
| Blood Tissue | Function: Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes: Location: Blood vessels; Looks Like: WBC, RBC, Platelets |
| Muscle Tissue | Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth |
| Skeletal Tissue | Striated, pink and vertical, voluntary movement and found in bones |
| Cardiac Tissue | Striated, pink and horizontal, propel blood in the heart, low rate of repair, involuntary |
| Smooth Tissue | Spindle-shaped, non-striated, involuntary, lines hollow organs |
| Nervous Tissue | "Yellow alien-looking"; Found in brain and spinal cord |
| Thick Skin | Palmar surface of hand, plantar surface of feet; No hair; No oil glands; More sweat glands |
| Thin Skin | Everywhere there is not thick skin; Hair; Oil glands; Fewer sweat glands |
| Skin Layers | Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (not part of skin) |
| Dermis | Deepest later of skin. Thick later of connective tissue that contains mainly collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and mast cells |
| Hypodermis (Sub Q) | Mostly adipose tissue with some areolar connective tissue. Not part of the skin, it i part of the integument |
| Papillary Region | Superficial layer of the dermis. Contains Meissner's Corpuscle which are the sensory receptors for light (sensitive) touch; Dermal Papillae |
| Reticular Region | Deepest later of the dermis made up of dense, irregular connective tissue and a small amount of areolar connective tissue |
| Skin Glands | Structures found in the dermis layers of the skin; Sweat, Mammary and Sebaceous glands |
| Eccrine Gland | Most common type of sudiferous gland found on the palms, bottom of feet and forehead. Primary Function: Release, produce sweat in order to prevent body from overheating; Looks like: Large circle with small lumen space |
| Apocrine Gland | Confined to the axillary (armpit) and Anogenital regions. Larger than eccrine glands, begins functioning at puberty; Function: Secretes viscous, milky or yellowish sweat that contains fatty substances and proteins (body odor production) |
| Ceruminous Gland | Modified sudoriferous gland found in external ear canal, secrete earwax |
| Mammary Gland | Only develop during milk producing/pregnancy |
| Sebaceous Gland | Found in all thick skin areas, secretes oil directly onto hair follicle |
| Epidermis | Stratified squamous epithelium. Five important cells found in the epidermal layer: Keratinocytes (synthesize keratin), Basal Cells (immature skin stem cell), Dendritic (immunity cells), Melanocytes (synthesize melanin), Tactile (touch receptor) |
| Layers of the Epidermis | Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum |
| Stratum Corneum | Top layer of skin. Consists of dead, scaly keratinocyte cells. Dander/dandruff |
| Stratum Lucidum | Second layer of skin only found in THICK SKIN. Consists of 2-3 rows of dead keratinocyte cells |
| Stratum Granulosum | Third layer of skin. Consists of 4-6 laters of keratinocytes that are flattened |
| Stratum Spinosum | Fourth layer of skin. Consists of mostly keratinocytes |
| Stratum Basale | Fifth layer of skin and deepest. Single layer of stem cells. During mitosis, they are pushed closer to the surface |
| Skin Color | Melanin produced by melanocytes |
| Carotene | Yellowish-orange pigment found in plant products (carrots) |
| Erythema | Red or pinkish hue under the skin (sunburn) |
| Cyanosis | Abnormal blue tint/coloring of the skin (frostbite) |
| Pallor | Pale or ashen skin color |
| Jaundice | Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes |
| Bronzing | Skin appears gold/bronze color (Addison's Disease) |
| Albinism | Genetically inherited condition where skin is stark white |
| Hair | Protects body and act as a sensory organ containing the Terminal (head) and Vilus (rest of body) |
| Hair Structure | Bulb, Root, Shaft |
| Hair Bulb | Swelling in dermis where a hair originates |
| Hair Root | Remaining area of hair within the skin |
| Hair Shaft | Remainder of hair that is above the skin's surface |
| Layers of Hair | Medulla (inner layer), Cortex (middle layer) and Cuticle (outer layer) |
| Pilorector Muscle | Muscle that helps hair stand (goosebumps) |
| Nails | Clear, tightly packed, keratinized epidermal cells |
| Burns | One of the leading causes of accidental death. First, second and third-degree |
| Cancers | Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Most common type of skin cancer. Least malignant skin cancer. Grows very slowly and 99% of cases cured by surgical removal |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Second most common skin cancer. Arises from ketainocytes in the stratum spinosum layer. Most commonly found on head and hands. Grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed |
| Melanoma | Least common form of skin cancer. Highly metastatic and resistant to chemo. Must be removed to prevent spreading |
| Osseous Tissue | Connective tissue that is hardened due to the deposition of calcium, phosphate, and other materials |
| Axial Skeleton | Head, neck and trunk |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Arms and legs |
| Growth of Cartilage | Appositional Growth and Interstitial Growth |
| Appositional Growth | Growth from the outside, secrete matrix against the external surface |
| Interstitial Growth | Growth from inside, chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix from within |
| Functions of Bone | Maintain body shape, support soft tissue, protection of internal organs, stores minerals, fat storage, etc |
| Classification of Bones | Shape, Appendicull and Axial |
| Shape of Bones | Long Bones (longer than they are wide), Short Bones (similar length and width), Flat Bones (thin, slightly curves), and Irregular Bones (complex shape) |
| Epihphyseal Plate | In children, area of hyaline cartilage where bone lengthens (growth plate) |
| Epiphyseal Lines | In adults, the connection point between diaphysis and epiphysis |
| Medullary Cavity | Space within the diaphysis that houses bone marrow |
| Endosteum | Think layer of fibrous connective tissue lining the inside of the medullary cavity |
| Periodsteum | Fibrous connective tissue that covers the outside of the bone, except for the ends attached via Sharpey's Fibers |
| Articular Cartilage | Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends/epiphysis where articulations/joints are formed |
| Bone Marrow | Red Bone Marrow (Diploe of flat, irregular, short bones produces blood cells); Yellow Bone Marrow contains adipose tissue and can revert into red bone marrow in times of need/emergency |
| Osteogenic Cells | Mitotically active stem cells found in periosteum and endosteum |
| Bone Lining Cells | Help maintain the bone matrix |
| Circumferential Lamellae vs. Lamellae | Circumferential surrounds the bone while regular lamellae are individual layers of the osteon |
| Bone Matrix | Hydroxyapatate (Mineral Salts) help make bones hard and gives the bone the ability to resist compressive forces |
| Osteoid | Collagen fibers that give bones flexibility |
| Endochondral Ossification Steps: | Bones formed from hyaline cartilage |
| Endochondral Ossification Step 1 | Forming a bone collar around the hyaline cartilage. Primary ossification center forms |
| Endochondral Ossification Step 2 | Cartilage in the primary ossification center develops into bone |
| Endochondral Ossification Step 3 | Periosteal bud forms and invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form |
| Endochondral Ossification Step 4 | Medullary cavity is formed and continues getting surrounded by bone. Secondary ossification center begins forming |
| Endochondral Ossification Step 5 | Epiphysis finishes forming, medullary cavity remains |
| Intramembranous Ossification Steps: | Fibrous connective tissue is replaces by bone (Mesenchymal cells) |
| Intramembranous Ossification Step 1 | Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane, osteoblasts from bone |
| Intramembranous Ossification Step 2 | Bone matrix (Osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies, osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid; trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes |
| Intramembranous Ossification Step 3 | Woven bone and periosteum form and spongy bone |
| Intramembranous Ossification Step 4 | Spongy bone replaces by compact bone to create the compact, spongy, compact structure (oreo) |
| Growth of Long Bones | Chondrocytes accelerate cartilage deposits, osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone |
| Bone Remodeling | Approx 5-7% of bone mass is recycles each week. Spongy bone replaces every 3-4 years. Compact bone replaces every 10 years |
| Fracture Types | See next slides |
| Closed (Simple) Fracture | Bone does not break through the skin |
| Open (Compound) Fracture | Bone penetrates through/protrudes out of skin |
| Displaced Fracture | Ends of bones are not aligned |
| Non-Displaced Fracture | Ends of bones are still aligned |
| Complete Fracture | Bone is broken all the way through |
| Incomplete Fracture | Bone is not broken all of the way |
| Comminuted Fracture | Bone fragments into three or more pieces |
| Compression Fracture | Bone is crushed |
| Spiral Fracture | Bone factors in a twist |
| Epiphyseal Fracture | Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate |
| Depressed Fracture | Broken bone portion is pressed inward |
| Greenstick Fracture | Bone breaks on one side but the other side bends |
| Repair of Fractures | Step 1: Hematoma, 2: Fibrocartilage Callus Formation, 3: Bony Callus Formation, 4: Bone Remodeling |
| Bone Disease | See next slides |
| Osteomalacia/Rickets | Bone is poorly mineralized |
| Osteoporosis | Condition in which the bone is resorbed faster than it is deposited |
| Paget's Disease | Condition in which osteocytes do not form the typical osteon structure of bone because it is produced in a haphazard function |
| Bones of the Skull | See following slides |
| Frontal Bone (Forehead) | Yellow |
| Parietal Bone x2 (Top Portions of the Head) | Pink |
| Occipital Bone (Back of the Head) | Brown |
| Temporal Bone (Sides of the Head) | Orange |
| Nasal Bone (Nose) | Dark Blue |
| Zygomatic (Cheekbone) | Light Blue |
| Lacrimal (Tear Duct) | Green |
| Maxill(ary) (Upper Jaw) | Purple |
| Mandible (Lower Jaw) | Orange |
| Parts of the Temporal Bone | Mastoid Process, External Acoustic Meatus, Styloid Process |
| Skull Foramens | Supraorbital Foramen (Yellow), Infraorbital Foramen (Purple), Mental Foramen (Orange) |
| Types of Skull Sutures | See Below |
| Coronal Suture | Combines the frontal and parietal bones together |
| Sagittal Suture | Combines both parietal bones together |
| Lamboid Suture | Combines both parietal bones to the occipital bone. The occipital condyles are also found here |
| Squamous Suture | Combines the parietal bones to the temporal bones |
| Parts of the Mandible | Mandibular Notch, Mandibular Condyle, Mandible Foramen, Coronoid Process, Mental Foramen |
| Sinuses | See next slides |
| Frontal Sinus | Purple |
| Sphenoid Sinus | Orange |
| Ethmoid Sinus | Teal |
| Maxillary Sinus | Red |
| Baby Skull Fontanelles | Anterior, Posterior, Mastoid and Sphenoidal |
| Types of Abnormal Spine Curvatures | Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis |
| Hyoid | Bone in the neck that acts independently |
| Vertebrae | See next slides |
| Cervical (Caterpillar) | 7 vertebrae; Characteristics: Bi-fib spinous process, Transverse foramen; C1 Axis "shake head yes" and C2 Dens/Odontoid Process "shake head no" |
| Thoracic (Giraffe) | 12 vertebrae: Characteristics: Point straight down, diamond shape, short, blunt posterior pointing |
| Lumbar Vertebrae (Moose) | 5 vertebrae; Characteristics: Short, blunt spinous process |
| Sacrum | 5 fused vertebrae |
| Coccyx | 4 fused vertebrae |
| Parts of the Sternum | Manubilum, body, xyphoid process |
| Ribcage | Vertebral Sternal (True): 1-6, Vertebral Chondral (False): 7-9; Vertebral (Floating): 10 and 11 |
| Bones of the Upper Body | See next slides |
| Scapula (Shoulder Blade) | Acromian Process, Spine, Suprascapular Notch, Corocoid Process |
| Clavicle (Collarbone) | S-shaped bone |
| Humerus (Brachial) | Greater Tubercle, Humeral Head, Lesser Tubercle, Trochlea, Medial Epicondyle, Capitulum, Olecranon Fossa, Lateral Epicondyle |
| Ulna (Outer Side of the Forearm Region) | Coronoid Process, Styloid Process, Trochlear Notch, Olecranon; Always the lateral or pinky side |
| Radius (Inner Side of the Forearm Region) | Radial Head, Radial Tuberosity, Styloid Process; Always the medial or thumb side |
| Bones of the Hand | Carpal, Proximal Phalanges, Middle Phalanges, Distal Phalanges, Metacarpals; Thumb is ALWAYS #1 |
| Male vs Female Pelvis | Male pelvis has smaller arch in the pubic symphysis and has smaller hip bones. Female pelvis is more flared out and wider pubic symphysis |
| Os Coxa (Hip Bone) | Ilium, Iliac Crest, Acetabulum, Greater Sciatic Notch, Ischial Spine, Lesser Sciatic Notch, Ischium, Ischial Tuberosity, Obturator Foramen and Pubis |
| Femur (Thigh Bone) | Greater Trochanter, Femoral Head, Femoral Neck, Lesser Trochanter, Lateral Condyle, Medial Condyle |
| Patella (Kneecap) | Circular bone |
| Tibia (Shin Bone) | Later Condyle, Interchondular Imminence, Medial Condyle, Tibial Tuberosity, Medial Malleolus |
| Fibular (Lateral Bone) | Lateral Malleolus |
| Bones of the Foot | Distal Phalanges, Middle Phalanges, Proximal Phalanges, Metatarsals, Talus, Calcanus, and Tarsals; Big toe is ALWAYS #1 |
| Joint Movements | See next slides |
| Flexion | Bending |
| Extension | Straightening |
| Lateral Flexion | Bending of spine to the side |
| Lateral Rotation | Rotating a limb away from the body's midline |
| Medical Rotation | Rotating a limb towards the body's midline |
| Abduction | Movement of a body part away from the midline |
| Adduction | Movement of a body part towards the midline |
| Cicumduction | Movement of a limb or body part in a circular path around a fixed point |
| Elevation | The upward movement of a body part or structure |
| Depression | The downward movement of a body part of structure |
| Protraction | The movement of a body part forward towards the front |
| Retraction | The movement of a body part backwards towards the back |
| Dorsiflexion | The backward bending or flexing of the foot or hand |
| Plantarflexion | The forward bending or flexing of the foot or hand |
| Inversion | The movement of the foot where the sole faces inwards, towards the midline of the body |
| Eversion | The movement of the foot where the sole faces outwards, towards the lateral side of the body |
| Supination | Person lying on their back |
| Pronation | Person lying on their belly |
| Opposition | The movement that brings the thumb or first digit into contact with the other fingers, particularly the tip of the finger |
| Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue | 1. Produce body movement; 2: Maintain posture and body position; 3: Stabilize joints; 4: Generate heat |
| Muscle Fiber | Singel skeletal muscle cell |
| Sarcoplasm | Cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
| Sarcolemma | Cell membrane of a muscle cell |
| Filament | Smallest muscle fiber |
| Myofibril | A bundle of many muscle filaments together |
| Fascicle | Bundle of muscle fibers |
| Perimysium | Dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds each individual fascicle |
| Whole Muscle | A bundle of fascicles with similar functions |
| Epimysium | Dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle |
| Sarcomere | Functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction |
| Neuromuscular Junction | Site where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber |
| Steps of a Muscle Contraction | See next slides |
| Step One: | Action potential sent down the length of a motor neuron to the neuromuscular junction |
| Step Two: | Channels open at the end of the motor neuron and calcium enters the end of the neuron |
| Step Three: | Channels open at the end of the motor neuron and the Ach is released into the synapse |
| Step Four: | Ach binds to receptors on the muscle fiber |
| Step Five: | Na+ enters the muscle fiber |
| Step Six: | Electrical signal passing through muscle fiber causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release its stored calcium |
| Step Seven: | Troponin moves and attaches to calcium |
| Step Eight: | Tropomyosin moves off of binding sites on actin |
| Step Nine: | Myosin attaches to actin |
| Step Ten: | Cross-bridge cycling is completed (muscle contraction) |
| Muscle Twitch | Latent Period: First few milliseconds after initial stimulus occurs; Period of Contraction: Cross-Bridge cycles continue; Relaxation Period: Cross-Bridge cycling has stopped |
| Types of Muscle Contractions | Isotonic and Isometric |
| Isotonic Muscle Contractions | Muscle contracts and creates tension and the muscle fibers length changes |
| Isometric Muscle Contractions | Muscle contracts and tension is created, but the length of the muscle fibers is unchanged |
| Concentric | Muscle shortens |
| Eccentric | Muscle lengthens |
| Functions of the Nervous System | Assist in maintaining homeostasis; responsible for your perceptions, behaviors, memories and movements; sensory input; integration/interpretation; motor output |
| CNS | Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System (everything else) |
| Neurons | Structural units of the nervous system |
| Anatomy of a Neuron | See next slides |
| Soma/Cell Body | Are where nucleus is found |
| Nuclei | Cluster of cell bodies in the CNS |
| Ganglia | Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS |
| Dendrites | Branch-like extensions off the cell body that receive incoming signals from the surrounding area and convey those messages into the cell body |
| Myelin | White lipid/protein substance that surrounds some axons like a sheath. CNS = Oligodendrocytes and PNS = Schwann Cells |
| Gray Matter | Area in the CNS with high volume of unmyelinated axons |
| White Matter | Area in the CNS with high volume of myelinated axons |
| Axon Hillock | Swollen, cone-shaped area at the beginning of an axon, near the cell body |
| Axon Terminal | Distal endings of an axon |
| Synaptic End Bulbs | End piece of an axon terminal |
| Structural Classifications of Neurons | See next slides |
| Unipolar Neurons | One process off of cell body, very common, very long, myelinated, carry general sensory information, hot/cold, touch, pain |
| Bipolar Neurons | Two processes off of the cell body, rare only found in special senses (smell, taste, vision, balance, hearing), short in length, least common type of neuron, NOT myelinated |
| Multipolar Neurons | Multiple processes off of the cell body, most common, vary in length, motor neurons, controls muscles and glands |
| Sensory (Afferent) | Detect stimuli (light, heat, pressure); transmit information about the stimulus to the CNS; almost all sensory neurons are unipolar |
| Motor (Efferent) | Sends signals away from the CNS to muscles, glands and other organ structures; all motor neurons are multipolar |
| Interneurons | Found in between motor and sensory neurons; most of our neurons in our body are interneurons |
| Electricity and Membrane Potentials | See next slides |
| Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) | RMP is approximately -70mv |
| Depolarization | Process of making the resting membrane potential LESS negative; Na+ enters |
| Repolarization | Process of making the internal charge of the neuron MORE negative; K+ exits |
| Motor Activities | Controlled by the anterior portions of the spinal cord |
| Sensory Activities | Controlled by the posterior portions of the spinal cord |
| Meninges | Connective tissues that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord; Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater |
| Subdural Space | Potential space between the Dura Mater and the Arachnoid Mater around both the brain and spinal cord |
| Epidural Space | Vertebral canal only in normal conditions |
| Arachnoid Space | The layer of connective tissue deep to the Dura Mater layer |
| Subarachnoid Space | The space between the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater; contains CSF |
| Pia Mater | The deepest/innermost later of meninges. Adheres tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord |
| Composition of CSF | Choroid Plexus produces CSF. Contains water, glucose, oxygen, ions/electrolytes, amino acids, microglia |
| Ventricles | Lateral Ventricle (2): One in each cerebral hemisphere; Third Ventricle (1): Between the two halves of the Thalamus; Fourth Ventricle (1): Between the brainstem and cerebellum |
| Flow of CSF Through the Brain | Lateral Ventricle -> Third Ventricle -> Fourth Ventricle -> Subarachnoid Space |
| Blood-Brain Barrier | Responsible for boundary maintenance |
| Anatomy of the Brain | Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brainstem (Hindbrain) and Cerebellum |
| Cerebrum | Largest and most highly developed region of the brain; all conscious activities of the brain occur in the cerebrum; separated into left and right hemisphere by the Corpus Callosum; each hemisphere has four lobes: Front, Parietal, Temporal and Occipital |
| Right vs. Left Brain | Left: School Brain - used for numerical and scientific skills, spoken and written language, lists, prioritization, memorization; Right: Artistic Brain - used more for musical and artistic skills, special senses, emotions, intuition and creativity |
| Contralateralization | Activities performed by the right side of the body are controlled by the left side and vice versa; typically occurs in the Medulla Oblongata |
| Ipsilateral Function | Area is being controlled on the same side of the body |
| Pre-Central Gyrus | Primary Motor Cortex |
| Post-Central Gyrus | Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
| Broca's Area | Plans and produces speech; special motor speech area; located in the frontal lobe on left side |
| Wernicke's Area | Allows us to understand (comprehend) written and spoken language; locate in the temporal lobe on the left side |
| Diencephalon | Area of the brain that is internal and near the middle of the brain tissue. Includes the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalmaus |
| Thalamus | Relay station, gateway to cerebral cortex |
| Hypothalamus | Controls endocrine activity and is the "Homeostasis Center". Also controls the ANS, hunger, thirst, body temperature, and initiates physical response to emotion |
| Epithalamus | Contains the Pineal Gland that secretes Melatonin (sleep/wake cycle) |
| The Brainstem (Hindbrain) | Consists of the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata |
| Midbrain | Houses the visual reflex center (Superior Colliculi) and acoustic reflex center (Inferior Colliculi) |
| Pons | Connects the Cerebrum and Cerebellum |
| Medulla Oblongata | Cross over for contralateralization, respiratory and cardiovascular centers, hiccups, sneezes, vomiting, coughing and swallowing |
| Cerebellum | Regulates posture and balance; Vermis connects the right and left of the Cerebellum; Arbor Vitae; white matter of the Cerebellum |
| Amygdala | Response system for anger, fear and aggression. Also plays a role in memory |
| Reticular Formation | Maintains consciousness and wakefulness |
| Injuries/Conditions and Diseases of the CNS | See next slides |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges caused by a virus |
| Enecphalitis | Inflammation of brain tissue usually caused by a virus |
| Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | Concussion vs Contusion vs Cerebral Edema vs CVA vs TIA |
| Spinal Cord Injury | Paresthesia: Loss of sensation (Posterior); Paralysis: Loss of motor control (Anterior) |
| Receptor | Structure in the body that senses change and then relays to brain and spinal cord |
| Types of Receptors | See next slides |
| Mechanoreceptor | Touch, pressure, vibration, stretching |
| Thermoreceptor | Temperature |
| Photoreceptor | Light |
| Chemoreceptor | Chemical |
| Nociceptor | Pain |
| Exteroceptor | Senses changes outside of the body |
| Interoceptor | Senses changes inside the body |
| Proprioceptor | Senses changes or stretching in joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments |
| General Senses | Widely distributes |
| Special Senses | Found only in cranial region (taste, sight, hearing, smell and equilibrium) |
| Nerve | Bundle of hundreds to thousands of neuron axons, connective tissue and blood vessels |
| Axons | Endoneurium |
| Fascicle | Perineurium |
| Nerve | Epineurium |
| Spinal Nerves | 31 pairs; 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal |
| Cranial Nerves | 12 pairs. See following slides for individual information |
| CN I | Olfactory; Smell; Sensory |
| CN II | Optic; Vision; Sensory |
| CN III | Occulomotor; Medial Rectus, Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique; Motor |
| CN IV | Trochlear; Superior Oblique; Motor |
| CN V | Trigeminal; Mastication, face/head sensation; Both |
| CN VI | Abducens; Lateral Rectus; Motor |
| CN VII | Facial; Facial expression, salivary glands, taste on 2/3 anterior of tongue; Both |
| CN VIII | Vestibulocochlear; Hearing, equilibrium, and balance; Sensory |
| CN IX | Glossopharangeal; Taste, posterior 1/3 of tongue; Both |
| CN X | Vagus; Regulates visceral activity and is the only CN that affects below shoulder; Both |
| CN XI | Accesory; Trapezius and SCM; Motor |
| CN XII | Hyperglossal; Tongue movement; Motor |
| Spinal Cord Diseases | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Poliomyelitis |
| Special Senses | See next slides |
| Gustation | Sensation created by chemoreceptors in the taste buds. Five different tastes including: bitter, sour, salty, sweet, and umami. Gustation Pathway: Taste buds -> CN VII and IX -> Medulla Oblongata -> Parietal Lobe. WATER-soluble molecules |
| Taste Buds | Circumvallate Papillae: large, found at the back of the tongue; Fungiform Papillae: mushroom-shaped, scattered all over the entire surface of the tongue; Foliate Papillae: small tenches on the lateral sides of the tongue; Filiform Papillae: thread-like |
| Olfaction | Chemoreceptors that detect LIPID-soluble molecules. Olfaction Pathway: Hair cells -> CN I -> Olfactory Bulb -> Olfactory Tract -> Temporal Lobe |
| Vision | Receptors in the eye are found in the retina and are called photoreceptors. Visual Pathway: Photoreceptors -> CN II -> Optic Chiasma -> Lateral Geniculate Nucleus -> Occipital Lobe; Extrinsic Eye Muscles - see next slides |
| Superior Rectus | Elevates the eye and turns it medially |
| Medial Rectus | Moves eye medially |
| Inferior Rectus | Depresses eye and turns it medially |
| Inferior Oblique | Elevates eye and turns it laterally |
| Superior Oblique | Depresses eye and turns it laterally |
| Lateral Rectus | Moves eye laterally |
| Anatomy of the Eyeball | See next slides |
| Fibrous Tunic | Outermost coat/later of the eyeball. Contains the Cornea and the Sclera |
| Cornea | Transparent and colorless coating that covers the Iris |
| Sclera | White, opaque area of the eye |
| Vascular Tunic | Middle portion of the eye containing the Choroid, Ciliary Body, Iris, Pupil, Lens, and Ciliary Muscles |
| Choroid | Dark brown membrane that forms the posterior 5/6 of the vascular tunic |
| Ciliary Body | Thick ring of tissue that encircles the lens |
| Iris | Colored portion of the eyeball |
| Pupil | The hole in the center of the eye that appears black in color |
| Lens | Structure that helps to focus images |
| Ciliary Muscles | Muscles that control the shape of the lens |
| Nervous Tunic | Inner, pigmented layer of the eyeball containing the Retina, Optic Disc, and Fovea Centralis |
| Retina | Lines the posterior aspect of the eye. Has multiple layers including: Pigmented, Photoreceptor, Bipolar, and Ganglion |
| Pigmented Layer | Absorb light and store vitamin A |
| Photoreceptor Layer | Pigmented sensory receptors for Rods (no color capabilities) and Cones (Receptors that allow you to see in color) |
| Bipolar Layer | Bipolar Neurons that transmit signals from Rods and Cones to the Optic Nerve |
| Ganglion Layer | Neurons that form the Optic Nerve |
| Optic Disc | Blind spot. No receptors in this area |
| Fovea Centralis | "Central Pit". Site of our most acute vision (clear, focused) |
| Anterior Chamber | Anterior to the Lens, posterior to the Cornea. Contains Aqueous Humor |
| Posterior Chamber | Posterior to the Lens. Contains Vitreous Humor |
| Vision Conditions | See next slides |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness |
| Hyperopia | Farsightedness |
| Astigmatism | Unequal curvature of the Lens or Cornea |
| Presbyopia | Farsightedness due to aging (50+) |
| Cataracts | Cloudiness in Lens and Cornea |
| Glaucoma | Excess pressure in eye du to too much humor fluid |
| Color-Blindness | Genetic condition in which an individual does not see certain colors |
| Anatomy of the Ear | Includes the External, Middle and Inner Ear; Auditory Pathway: External Auditory Canal -> Tympanic Membrane -> Middle Ear -> Inner Ear -> CN VIII, Temporal Lobe |
| External Ear (Outer) | Auricle (Pinna), External Auditory Meatus and Tympanic Membrane |
| Auricle (Pinna) | Collects atmospheric sound waves and funnels them to the ear canal |
| External Auditory Meatus | Sends sound waves to the eardrum |
| Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) | Converts sound waves into vibrations |
| Middle Ear | Auditory Ossicles and Pharyngotympanic Tube |
| Auditory Ossicles | Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil) and Stapes (Stirrup) |
| Pharangotympanic (Eustachian) Tube | Passageway from middle ear to the nasopharynx; swallowing, yawning and ear popping to maintain pressure |
| Inner Ear | Vestibule, Semicircular Canals, Cochlea, Tectorial Membrane |
| Vestibule | Senses static equilibrium |
| Semicircular Canals | Senses dynamic equilibrium |
| Cochlea | Where vibrations are "heard" |
| Tectorial Membrane | Influences hearing and can affect how well we hear faint noises |
Created by:
troyfulls1
Popular Physiology sets