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Basal Ganglia
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Why is purple associated with Parkinson's disease? | Purple is the international color for Parkinson’s disease awareness. |
| Where are dopaminergic-producing neurons found? | Dopaminergic-producing neurons are located in the substantia nigra pars compacta. |
| How does dopamine affect the basal ganglia pathways? | Dopamine enhances the action of the direct pathway (accelerator) and inhibits the action of the indirect pathway (brake) |
| How does the direct pathway work? | The striatum inhibits the globus pallidus internus |
| How does the indirect pathway work? | |
| What neurotransmitter is crucial for basal ganglia function? | Dopamine plays a key role in modulating both the direct and indirect pathways. |
| What is the role of the thalamus in motor control? | The thalamus always wants to excite the cortex and promote movement. |
| How does the basal ganglia regulate movement? | The basal ganglia modulates movement by influencing the thalamus |
| What are the major movement disorder categories related to basal ganglia dysfunction? | The two major movement disorder categories are hypokinetic (e.g. |
| What characterizes hypokinetic movement disorders? | Hypokinetic disorders involve below-normal movement |
| Which basal ganglia pathway is overactive in Parkinson’s disease? | The indirect pathway is overactive |
| What characterizes hyperkinetic movement disorders? | Hyperkinetic disorders involve excessive movement |
| Which basal ganglia pathway is overactive in Huntington’s disease? | The direct pathway is overactive |
| How does dopamine act as "fuel" for the basal ganglia? | Dopamine facilitates the direct pathway and modulates the indirect pathway to regulate movement effectively. |
| How can driving a car illustrate basal ganglia function? | The direct pathway acts like an accelerator |
| How does the basal ganglia affect emotional regulation? | It plays a role in reward-guided behaviors and basal ganglia learning. |
| What is basal ganglia learning? | It is the process where behaviors are reinforced through rewards |
| What is the basal ganglia? | The basal ganglia is a collection of five deep nuclei located within the cerebrum. |
| What structures make up the basal ganglia? | The basal ganglia consists of the caudate |
| What is the striatum? | The caudate and putamen are collectively referred to as the striatum. |
| What are the segments of the globus pallidus? | The globus pallidus consists of the globus pallidus internus (GPI) and globus pallidus externus (GPE). |
| What are the parts of the substantia nigra? | The substantia nigra consists of the pars compacta and pars reticulata. |
| Which part of the substantia nigra is the focus of study? | The substantia nigra pars compacta is the primary focus |
| How does anatomy help identify basal ganglia nuclei? | The names of the nuclei provide clues about their locations |
| How does the basal ganglia contribute to movement? | It regulates desired movements and inhibits undesired movements by sending information to the motor cortex via the thalamus. |
| What is the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop? | This loop involves the cortex sending information to the basal ganglia |
| What does the basal ganglia regulate? | The basal ganglia regulates muscle tone |
| What are the primary pathways within the basal ganglia? | The basal ganglia has three main pathways: hyperdirect |
| What is the function of the direct pathway? | The direct pathway facilitates desired movements. |
| What is the function of the indirect pathway? | The indirect pathway inhibits undesired movements. |
| How does the basal ganglia influence decision-making? | The basal ganglia contributes to goal-directed behavior |
| What is the role of the basal ganglia in social behavior? | It aids in recognizing social disapproval |
| How does the basal ganglia affect emotional regulation? | It plays a role in reward-guided behaviors and basal ganglia learning. |
| What is basal ganglia learning? | It is the process where behaviors are reinforced through rewards |
Created by:
caitlin_e
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