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CMD final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Voice disorder- definition | an individual expresses concern about having an abnormal voice that does not meet daily needs (even if others don't perceive it as different or deviant) |
| vocal pitch- facts | perceptual correlate of FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY -number of vibrations per second (measured in Hertz) -based on structure of vocal folds -adult men: 125 Hz (lower pitch) -adult women: 250 Hz |
| BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD laryngeal development/fundamental frequency characteristics | BIRTH: (500 Hz) larynx high in neck (near hyoid bone). VF length is 4-6mm. Framework is soft and pliable CHILDHOOD: (200-300 Hz) VF double in length to 8-9mm. Framework becomes less pliable |
| PUBERTY AND ADULTHOOD laryngeal development/fundamental frequency characteristics | PUBERTY: (downward change, specifically in males to 130 Hz). VF length increases 12-17mm girls, 15-25mm males. -at 16 YEARS OLD VF makeup becomes adult-like ADULTHOOD: (male 125 HZ, female 250 Hz). VF length 12.5-21mm for women, 17-29mm for men. |
| vocal loudness | -perceptual correlate of INTENSITY (measured in decibels, dB) -VF stay closed longer with increased loudness/intensity - ^vocal intensity --> ^loudness -normal conversational speech= 60dB |
| prevalence of voice/resonance disorders in CHILDREN | age 3-10 is 6% -boys more affected than girls |
| four classifications of voice disorders | -organic voice disorders -neurogenic voice disorders -psychogenic voice disorders -resonance disorders |
| organic voice disorders | caused by chronic misuse of laryngeal mechanism -nodules -polyps -contact ulcers and granuloma -laryngitis |
| neurogenic voice disorders | caused by CNS or PNS disfunction -loss of control of muscles that initiate speech and voice prod. -Vagus Nerve controls larynx -muscle weakness, paralysis, discoordination, involuntary movements -Parkinson's Disease, Spasmodic Dysphonia |
| psychogenic (aka functional) voice disorders | caused by psychological or emotional suppression of emotion -individual converts distress into physical symptoms -normal glottal closure IS POSSIBLE |
| resonance disorders (VPI) | Velum (soft palate) and pharynx (back of throat) don't close properly during speech, causing air to escape through nose -nasal speech |
| dysphasia definition | clinical term for swallowing disorders |
| penetration | food or liquid enters the top of the airway (larynx) |
| aspiration | food or liquid enters lower airway, below VF. -When airway is fully blocked that is choking |
| 4 phases of normal swallow | -oral preparation -oral transport -pharyngeal phase -esophageal phase |
| oral preparation phase | -tongue and cheeks move food to the teeth for chewing, which causes saliva and food to cause a solid bolus -to prevent SPILLAGE into airways, back of tongue/velum connect -when drinking tongue forms a cupped position (liquid bolus) |
| oral transport phase | AFTER bolus is FORMED, tongue propels bolus to back of oropharynx. -when bolus reaches rear of mouth, pharyngeal swallow is triggered. |
| pharyngeal phase | -velum connects to rear wall of pharynx to block off nasal cavity, epiglottis blocks off airway/trachea -pharynx contracts and squeezes bolus down to esophagus -Under automatic neural control, occurs in less than 1 second |
| esophageal phase | peristalsis occurs here all bolus is transported from pharynx to stomach |
| feeding disorders | may develop secondary to history of dysphagia, causing trauma, resulting in difficulty accepting varied or age-appropriate diet |
| etiologies of adult dysphagia | -stroke -head/neck cancer -parkinson's disease -traumatic brain injury -dementia |
| dysphagia from stroke | -oral-motor and sensory deficits -weakness of musculature -may lead to silent aspiration and pocketing of food |
| dysphagia from head and neck cancer | size and location of tumor and surgical procedure impacts the degree of swallowing impairment |
| dysphagia from Parkinson's disease | affects all phases of swallow with reduced speed and coordination -delayed initiation of swallow -frequent swallows to clear pharynx |
| Modified Barium Swallow Study | patient swallows a variety of foods/liquids mixed with barium which can be observed through fluoroscopy with an x-ray -swallow is observed to identify problems like aspiration or retained food |
| etiologies of pediatric dysphagia | -prematurity -cerebral palsy -cranio-facial anomalies -intellectual disability -autism |
| incidence and prevalence of hearing loss | about 205 Americans report some degree -3/1000 births result in hearing loss -1.7/1000 births result in PROFOUND hearing loss -1/3 elderly ppl have disabling hearing loss (over 65y/o) |
| impairment | loss of structure or function -damage or trauma to auditory system -does NOT always lead to a disability |
| disability | functioning is disrupted by the impairment as well as environmental factors -inability to understand speech in loud rooms |
| handicap | impairment and disability may lead to restriction to participate in life situations |
| effects of hearing loss on CHILDREN | -more fatigued than peers due to increased effort to receive and understand incoming information -negative impact on speech and language development, word endings impacted -social interaction skills impacted |
| effects of hearing loss on ADULTS | -more likely to become isolated -reduced self-esteem and less confidence to perform job duties -overall reduced psychological health |
| Deaf culture | -value collectivism and shared experiences -respect and celebrating Deaf history and identity -social differences like visual, direct communication, as well as attention getting methods -prioritize good lighting and visual environments |
| outer ear | made of cartilage covered with skin -sound is collected and funneled into external auditory canal -has hair follicles and glands that produce earwax -1 inch in length, ends at the tympanic membrane (EARDRUM) |
| tympanic membrane | separates outer/middle ear -vibrates in response to sound waves sent through ear canal -mostly composed of three layers of tissue for strength and elasticity -pearl grey in color |
| middle ear | located behind tympanic membrane -air-filled cavity lined with mucous membrane -vibrations from eardrum are carried across the OSSICULAR CHAIN to the stapes, leading to oval window -includes opening of Eustachian tube (ear/nasopharynx) |
| inner ear | begins at the oval window -cochlea provides auditory input to Central Auditory System -vestibular system provides balance |
| stapes | in middle ear, smallest bone in the human body -part of the ossicle chain |
| Why audiology for me? | -technology based -concrete concepts/finite data -diagnosis by end of appointment |
| areas of specialization in audiology | diagnostics and rehabilitation |
Created by:
liz gelles
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