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brain final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is neuroplasticity? | Brains ability to change structure & function as a result of experience |
| What are the benefits of neuroplasticity? | Compensate for injury & disease, adjust activity in response to new situations or changes in the environment/adaptation |
| What are the four main principles of nerouplasricity? | Disuse or damage to a brain area will result in the neurons from surrounding areas encroaching on the unused cortical area |
| What are the mechanisms of neuroplasticity? | Increases in dendritic length, an increase of new synapses, increase in glial activity, alterations in metabolic activity |
| What are the effects of sensory deprivation? | The reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more sensory modalities Effects: extreme anxiety, hallucinations, bizarre thoughts, and depression |
| What is a critical period? | developmental "window" during which some event has a long-lasting influence of the brain |
| What four factors lead to cognitive decline in normal aging? | Neuronal and Synaptic Changes, Reduced Neurotransmitter Levels, Vascular Health Decline , Inflammation and Oxidative Stress |
| How can we slow age related cognitive decline? | Physical Exercise, Cognitive Stimulation, Healthy Diet, Social Engagement |
| How do musicians’ brains differ from non-musicians? Athletes to non-athletes? | The planum temporale (yellow) left is larget than the right in musicians w/ absolute pitch , anterior corpus callosum is larger in musicians than non musicians |
| How is neuroplasticity related to phantom limbs? | reorganization can lead to misinterpretations of sensory input, causing the brain to generate sensations as if the limb were still there |
| What evidence is there that human language is innate? | Language is universal, all languages have many basic structural elements in common. |
| What is creolization? | Development of a new language from a rudimentory language |
| When a second language is learned early in life, how does its representation in the brain differ from a language learned later in life? | second language is learned early in life, it is stored in the same brain areas as the first language, but if learned later, it is stored in different areas and is usually harder to speak fluently. |
| What is lateralization? | Process whereby functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain |
| What brain areas are responsible for speech (production and understanding)? | Right hemisphere: role in language Wernickes: language comprehension, Broca's: speech production, Arcuate fasciculus: connects Broca's and Wernickes |
| What is the Wernicke-Geschwind model? | A1 (primary auditory cortex),-> Wernicke's area-> Arcuate fasciculus, brocas area |
| What is a neural web? | Local neurons arouse axons connect the sensory & motor representation of a word |
| Conduction aphasia: | a speech condition in which an individual can understand language but cannot make sensible speech or repeat words, |
| Broca’s aphasia: | speech condition in which an individual is unable to produce speech sounds despite intact speech production structures |
| 3 types of aphasia: | fluent: can produce speech, non fluent: cant produce speech, pure: only affect a small aspect of language |
| What is memory? | brain’s way of saving and remembering information. |
| working memory | resource for actively maintaining & manipulating information |
| explicit memory | conscious intentional recollection of previous experiences and information |
| episodic memory | memory for personality experienced past events |
| sematic memory | memory for general knowledge of the world |
| implicit memory | memory that is expressed through performance & is assumed to perform some act or behavior |
| procedural memory | ability to recall a movement sequence or how to perform some act or behavior |
| Which parts of the brain are important in which types of memory? prefrontal cortex: | critical for working memory & executive control processes , |
| Which parts of the brain are important in which types of memory?, perirhinal cortex | visual object memory, |
| Which parts of the brain are important in which types of memory? parahippocampal | visuospatial memory |
| Which parts of the brain are important in which types of memory? entornal cortex: | intergrative memory such as processing famirality, |
| Which parts of the brain are important in which types of memory? hippocampus | spatial memory location of objects |
| Which parts of the brain are important in which types of memory? anterior cingulate cortex | has a role in monitoring conflict between your goals & irrelevant information from the enviroment |
| What is the difference between the neural pathways of explicit and implicit memory? | Explicit memory uses the hippocampus to help you remember facts and events you can talk about, while implicit memory uses the basal ganglia and cerebellum to help you remember skills and habits without thinking about them. |
| amnesia | partial or total loss of memory , |
| anterograde amnesia | can't form new explicit memories |
| retrograde amnesia | can't retrieve memories from past |
| Korsakoff’s syndrom | severe form of amnesia (retrograde & anterograde) that is most common in chronic alcoholics |
| dementia | loss of brain function due to certain diseases, affects memory, thinking, language, judgement, & behavior |
| Parkinson’s | a disorder of the motor system correlated with a loss of dopamine tremors, muscular rigidity, and a reduction in voluntary movements caused by a degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra |
| Huntington’s | Huntington’s chorea is a hereditary, chorea (ceaseless involuntary, jerky movements) and progressive dementia ending in death due to the degeneration of neurons in frontal cortex and basal ganglia, |
| hemineglect | patients ignore one side of the visual world but also ignore one side of objects in their affected visual field |
| Wernicke’s Aphasia | language disorder caused by damage to Wernicke’s area, |
| psychopathy | development disorder involving emotional disfunction increase risk for reactive and instrumental |
| Akinetopsia | inability to perceive motion |
| Achromatopsia | visual disorder in which an individual is unable to perceive colors, damage to V8, can be congenital mutation |
| Prosopagnosia | visual disorder in which an individual is unable to recognize faces |
| Object Agnosia | visual disorder where an individual is unable to recognize objective, despite having a normal perception of it |
| Tourette Syndrome | hyperkinetic tics, physical and vocal exact mechanism whose cause is unknown but thought to be due to dysfunction in basal ganglia and frontal cortex with treatment being behavioral therapy and antidepressants, |
| Kluver Bucy Syndrome, | results from bilateral injury to the temporal lobe symptoms: flat affect, oral exploration of objects, indiscriminate eating |
| Blindsight, | residual ability perform visual task in individuals who have no visual |
| Ataxia | Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements |
| dopaminergic | motor behavior,feeling of reward/pleasure, increase= schizophrenia, decrease=parkinsons |
| , serotonergic | maintaining waking eeg pattern,mood, decrease=depression, increase=ocd schizophrenia |
| , noradrenergic | maintaining emotional tone, decrease=depresion, increase=mania |
| , cholinergic. | memory, neuron excitability |
| PET | pros: can imagine brain physiology at the molecular level in great deal cons: uses ionizing radiation(max 45 scans per patient/yr, have an average across patients , low spatial resolution , expensive |
| , EEG | pros: excellent temporal resolution, non invasive, cost effective cons: poor spatial resolution, cannot measure activity from deep brain structures |
| ERP | the changes in voltage within a specified time frame that represent brain activity related to an event |
| fMRI | p:good spatial resolution, can be performed repeatedly, doesn't require averaging acosa individual c:indirect measure of neutral activity, ppl w/ pacemakers metal plates/rods cannot undergo poor temporal resolution, v expensive noisy |
| MRI | pros: high resolution & clarity, non invasive cons: ppl w/ pacemakers of mental plates w/ rods cannot undergo MRI, extremely loud |
| CT scan advantages | p:painless & non invasive, can imagine bone, soft tissue,blood, & CSF simultaneously, cost effective, x-ray have little to immediate side effects c:sight risk of cancer w/ any radiation exposure, low resolution:blurry images, pregnant woman can't undergo |
| temporal resolution | how frequent we can detect changes in the brain |
| spatial resolution | ability to differentiate two points in space from each other |
| independent, dependent, and confounding variables? | independent: the thing we manipulate dependent variable: what we are measuring confounding variable: influences the levels of Iv |
| What is the difference between a within and between-subjects experiment? | Between subject is a different group of subjects tested under each condition with in subjects the group of subjects are tested under each condition |
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as12
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