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CST PREP
Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. The part or organelle of the cell considered to be the powerhouse is the: a. Nucleus b. Chromosomes c. Mitochondria d. Ribosomes | c. Mitochondria; The mitochondria store energy in the form of ATP and are considered to be the powerhouses of the cell. |
| 2. The building blocks of all living matter are called: a. Tissues b. Cells c. Organs d. Systems | b. Cells; Cells are the building blocks of all living tissue. A group of similar cells makes up tissue and a group of specialized tissues makes up organs. |
| 3. The thymus gland is located in the ______________________ cavity. a. Cranial b. Dorsal c. Abdominal d. Thoracic | d. Thoracic; The thymus gland is a part of both the endocrine and lymphatic systems and is located in the upper mediastinum in the thoracic cavity |
| 4. The umbilicus is located on the _____________________________ surface of the body. a. Ventral b. Dorsal c. Distal d. Proximal | a. Ventral; The umbilicus is on the ventral (anterior) surface of the body. |
| 5. The hormones produced by the adrenal cortex to protect one during a stressful situation are: a. Corticoids b. Adrenalin c. Adrenocorticotropic d. Insulin | a. Corticoids; Corticoids are produced by adrenal cortex and protect us in stress by conserving what we need and transforming stored energy to a ready source. |
| 6. The medial malleolus is a projection at the ankle of the: a. Radius b. Fibula c. Femur d. Tibia | d. Tibia; The large bone in the lower medial aspect of the leg is the tibia, which has a projection at the ankle called the medial malleolus. The lateral malleolus is part of the smaller bone, the fibula. |
| 7. The outermost layer of the eye that is commonly called the white of the eye is the: a. Retina b. Cornea c. Choroid d. Sclera | d. Sclera; The hard white covering of the eye is the sclera. The cornea, although a part of the sclera that covers the front of the eye, is clear. |
| 8. The parotid gland secretes: a. Cerumen b. Hormones c. Saliva d. Bile | c. Saliva; The parotid gland is a salivary gland located near the ear and secretes saliva. |
| 9. Muscles are attached to bones by: a. Ligaments b. Tendons c. Bursae d. Aponeurosis | b. Tendons; Tendons are tough connective tissues that connect muscles to bones. |
| 10. The large opening located in the occipital bones is called the: a. Maxillary sinus b. Foramen magnum c. Foramen mentalis d. Sella turcica | b. Foramen magnum; The foramen magnum is the large opening in the occipital bones through which the spinal cord passes. |
| 11. The liquid part of the blood is: a. Lipids b. Plasma c. Hemoglobin d. Platelets | b. Plasma; Plasma is the liquid part of the blood and make up about 55% of the blood volume |
| 12. The mineral essential for the formation of red blood cells is: a. Sodium b. Iodine c. Iron d. Calcium | c. Iron; Iron is essential in the formation of hemoglobin, found in RBCs. When the erythrocytes are worn out and broken down, the iron is removed by the liver and either stored or returned to the bone marrow to make more RBCs. |
| 13. The myocardium is the: a. Sac surrounding the heart b. Lining of the heart c. Thick muscular wall of the heart d. Major blood vessel supplying the heart | c. Thick muscular wall of the heart; Myo- = muscle and cardi = heart |
| 14. The name of the artery that arises from the ascending aorta and carries blood to the heart muscle is the: a. Jugular b. Carotid c. Cardiac d. Coronary | d. Coronary; The coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta and supply blood to the heart muscles. |
| 15. The largest artery in the body is the: a. Saphenous b. Carotid c. Aorta d. Renal | c. Aorta; The aorta is the chief systemic artery and the largest in the body. |
| 16. The membrane that lines the chest cavity and reflects back to cover the lungs is the: a. Peritoneum b. Conjunctiva c. Pericardium d. Pleura | d. Pleura; The pleura is a serous membrane that lines the chest (parietal) and covers the lung (visceral). |
| 17. The amount of air taken in with anormal breath is about 500cc and is referred to as: a. Tidal volume b. Vital capacity c. Ventilatory rate d. Sigh reflex | a. Tidal volume; Tidal volume is the amount of air we take in with a normal breath and is usually about 500cc. |
| 18. The auditory nerve receives sound waves from a shell-like structure called the: a. Semicircular canal b. Cornea c. Stapes d. Cochlea | d. Cochlea; The cochlea is a shell-shaped organ in the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti (receptor cells for hearing). |
| 19. An inflammation of the conjunctiva involves the: a. Glands that produce tears b. Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyeball c. Portion of the eye that contains the optic nerve d. Opaque lens | b. Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyeball; The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that lines the lids and reflects back to cover the front of the eye. |
| 20. One of the most important glands in the body, often referred to as the “master gland,” is the: a. Thyroid b. Pituitary c. Pineal d. Adrenal | b. Pituitary; The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is located at the base of the brain, is divided into two sections, and secretes hormones that control other glands. |
| 21. Within the kidneys, there are millions of microscopic units that carry out the functions of producing urine. These functional units are called: a. Alveoli b. Nephrons c. Neurons d. Renal pyramids | b. Nephrons; Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys. |
| 22. The long narrow tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder are called: a. Renal tubules b. Ureters c. Urethra d. Fallopian tubes | b. Ureters; Urine is carried from the kidneys to the bladder by ureters and from the bladder to the outside by the urethra, a process we refer to as voiding, micturition, or urination. |
| 23. Water is absorbed mostly in the: a. Colon b. Mouth c. Stomach d. Small intestines | a. Colon; One of the chief functions of the large intestine (colon) is absorption of water and electrolytes. |
| 24. The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. The hormone secreted by the pancreas directly into the blood is: a. Trypsin b. Lipase c. Amylase d. Insulin | d. Insulin; Insulin is a hormone secreted by the islet cells in the pancreas for the metabolism of sugar. Trypsin, lipase, and amylase are enzymes secreted by the pancreas and carried through ducts to the duodenum. |
| 25. The male reproductive organ(s) that manufactures the male sex cells is (are) called the: a. Prostate gland b. Testes c. Epididymis d. Cowper’s gland | b. Testes; The testes produce sperm and testosterone. |
| 26. The nerves that control the release of epinephrine during “fight or flight” are the: a. Sympathetic nerves b. Parasympathetic nerves c. Cranial nerves d. Lumbar nerves | a. Sympathetic nerves; The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are part of the autonomic nervous system. sympathetic nerves control the release of epinephrine (adrenalin) during highly stressful situations while they work to slow down responses. |
| 27. An example of reticular tissue is: a. Bone b. Fascia c. Blood d. Muscle | b. Fascia |
| 28. The muscle that flexes the head is the: a. Masseter b. Temporalis c. Trapezius d. Sternocleidomastoid | d. Sternocleidomastoid; The sternocleidomastoid muscle runs through the neck and allows for flexing the head. The masseter and temporalis muscles function in chewing, and the trapezium muscle allows for extension. |
| 29. The middle layer of the meninges is the: a. Pia b. Arachnoid c. Dura d. Subdural | b. Arachnoid; The meninges are composed of three layers. The outermost layer is the dura, the middle layer is the arachnoid, and the last is the pia mater. The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid is the subdural space. |
| 30a. The section of the brain that controls temperature and thirst is the: a. Thalamus b. Pons c. Medulla oblongata d. Hypothalamus | d. Hypothalamus; portion of the brain that controls temperature, thirst, and hunger. |
| 30b. The section of the brain that controls basic functions such as heartbeat and respiration is the: a. Thalamus b. Pons c. Medulla oblongata d. Hypothalamus | c. Medulla oblongata = "reflex center", plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis & responding to changes in the body's internal environment through reflex action. Controls Other reflexes; coughing, sneezing, vomiting, swallowing, and gagging. |
| 30c. The section of the brain that is known as the "relay center": a. Thalamus b. Pons c. Medulla oblongata d. Hypothalamus | a. Thalamus - part of the forebrain; is the "relay center", directing impulses for all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information. |
| 30d. The section of the brain that is known as the "reflex center": a. Thalamus b. Pons c. Medulla oblongata d. Hypothalamus | b. Pons - links brain to spinal cord; handles unconscious processes (sleep wake cycles & breathing); Junction point for nerves that control muscles & carry info from senses in your head and face. |
| 31. How many pairs of extrinsic eye muscles are there: a. 6 b. 10 c. 8 d. 5. | a. 6; There are six pairs of extrinsic eye muscles. They are controlled by several cranial nerves and provide movement to the eye. |
| 32. The jelly-like substance that maintains the shape of the globe is: a. Aqueous humor b. Vitreous humor c. Perilymph d. Endolymph | b. Vitreous humor; The posterior chamber contains vitreous humor, which helps maintain the shape of the globe. |
| 33. The descending colon is attached at this anatomical feature: a. Hepatic flexure b. Anterior diaphragm c. Splenic flexure d. Cecum | c. Splenic flexure; The splenic flexure is where the colon begins its downward path to the sigmoid colon. The cecum is the first part of the large intestine, and the hepatic flexure is where the ascending colon becomes the transverse colon. |
| 34. The function of the liver include all of the following except: a. Storage of glucose b. Storage of bile c. Destruction of RBCs d. Production of urea | b. Storage of bile; The liver does not store bile. It produces bile, which is then stored in the gallbladder. |
| 35. The normal range for lymphocytes is between: a. 10,000 and 13,000 b. 5,000 and 10,000 c. 7,000 and 14,000 d. 2,000 and 5,000 | b. 5,000 and 10,000; Normal ranges for white blood cells are between 5,000 and 10,000. A higher count would likely indicate an infectious process, which may delay surgery. |
| 36. The valve to the right ventricle is the: a. Tricuspid b. Bicuspid c. Semilunar d. Pulmonary | a. Tricuspid; The valve separating the right atrium from the right ventricle is the tricuspid. |
| 37. A superficial vein of the leg is the: a. Femoral b. Posterior tibial c. Saphenous d. Popliteal | c. Saphenous; The great Saphenous vein is a superficial vein of the leg. It is commonly used as a grafting vein when needed. |
| 38. The first ring of tracheal cartilage, utilized during Sellick’s maneuver is the: a. Thyroid cartilage b. Cricoid cartilage c. Laryngeal cartilage d. Hyoid cartilage | b. Cricoid cartilage; The cricoid cartilage is the first ring of the larynx. This cartilage is manually depressed during intubation to facilitate the endotracheal tube insertion and to depress the gag reflex. This is referred to as Sellick’s maneuver. |
| 39. The most likely tough capsule that protects the kidney is: a. Gerota’s fascia b. Renal Cortex c. Henle fascia d. Galea | a. Gerota’s fascia; The kidney is protected by a fibrous capsule called Gerota’s fascia. |
| 40. Fertilization occurs in the: a. Fimbriae b. Oviduct c. Ovary d. Uterus | b. Oviduct; Fertilization commonly occurs in the fallopian tubes or oviduct. Once the egg has been fertilized, it implants in the endometrial lining of the uterus. |
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kinseyj27
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