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318 Final Exam
Urinary and Reproductive Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which kidney is slightly lower than the other? | Right kidney |
| What are the layers of the kidney (inner to outer)? | 1. Fibrous capsule 2. Perirenal fat capsule 3. Renal fascia |
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | Nephron |
| Which structure of the nephron contains simple cuboidal histology with microvilli, and is a major reabsorption area? | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| Which structure of the nephron is largely associated with urine concentration? | Loop of henle |
| Which structure of the nephron is where secretion and urine concentration occurs? This structure contains simple cuboidal histology with no microvilli. | Distal convoluted tubule |
| Which structure of the nephron Is associated with concentration of urine, containing channels? | Collecting duct |
| What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made of? | Part of the DCT and afferent arteriole |
| What is the job of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | To regulate BP and filtration rate |
| Where is the macular densa cells located in the nephron and what does it detect? | DCT; detects sodium |
| What happens when the macular densa cells detect too high of a sodium concentration? | ATP will travel to the mesangial cells to contract the afferent arteriole |
| How does the renal baroreceptors regulate the secretion of renin? | It detects low renal perfusion pressure |
| How does macula densa cells regulate the secretion of renin? | It detects low chloride levels in DCT |
| How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate the secretion of renin? | It activated beta adrenergic receptors to increase the release of renin |
| What are some characteristics of the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries? | Highly permeable and contains filtration pores |
| Do the filtration pores of the glomerular capillaries exclude blood cells? | Yes! |
| How is the proteoglycan gel in the basement membrane aid in glomerular filtration? | It is negatively charged and excludes molecules greater than 8 nm |
| Where can you find filtration slits in glomerular filtration? | The visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule |
| How do podocyte cells, found in filtration slits, aid in glomerular filtration? | Pedicels (the cell’s extensions) wrap around the capillaries to form a barrier layer that is negatively charged |
| What does the primary filtrate consist of? | Water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, and vitamins |
| What is the typical female filtrate production from both kidneys per min? | 105 ml/min |
| What is the typical female filtrate production from both kidneys per day? | 150 L/day |
| What is the typical male filtrate production from both kidneys per min? | 125 ml/min |
| What is the typical male filtrate production from both kidneys per day? | 180 L/day |
| How much urine is excreted per day? | 1-2 L |
| What is the Net Filtration. Pressure equation? | Blood Hydrostatic Pressure(BHP) - Capsular Pressure(CP) + Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP) |
| is the afferent arteriole narrow? | No! |
| Is the efferent arteriole narrow? | Yes! |
| What are the consequences of high blood pressure in the glomerulus? | Can rupture the glomerular capillaries and end in kidney failure |
| What is the stretch mechanism used to regulate filtration to prevent blood flow from changing too dramatically? | Myogenic control |
| What mechanism uses epinephrine to constrict arterioles and reduce GFR? | Sympathetic control |
| Which mechanism detects a drop in blood pressure and sends signals to the brain stem to create autonomic reflexes? | RAAS (renal angiotensin-aldosterone system) |
| Explain the process of RAAS | Renin is released from the kidneys - angiotensinogen released from liver converted to angiotensin I - converts into angiotensin II by ACE - aldosterone released from adrenal cortex - increase sodium reabsorbtion |
| What do ACE inhibitors do? | a primary way to control blood pressure, inhibiting angiotensin I to convert to angiotensin II |
| The peritubular capillary is a major _____ site. | Reabsorbtion |
| What are two ways to exchange molecules in the PCT? | The transcellular and paracellular route |
| Which PCT route allows active transport with Na/K pumps and abundant mitochondria? | The transcellular route |
| Which PCT route allows solvent drag with leaky tight junctions and high water absorption? | The paracellular route |
| What is solvent drag? | When water carries a variety of dissolved solutes with it |
| Where in the nephron is there a steep Na osmotic-chemical gradient? | PCT |
| Does the apical symports of PCT transport sodium, glucose, amino acids, and lactate in the same direction? | Yes! |
| What is the directionality of the Na-H antiport located in the PCT? | Reabsorbs sodium back into the blood and excretes H |
| What is paracellular solvent drag in the PCT? | When water leaves, other electrolytes, Ca, and Mg follow with it |
| The process of urine being pushed out of the urethra is called? | Micturition |
| What is the main function of the Glomerulus | Filter Blood |
| Aldosterone affects what portion of the nephron? | DCT |
| Aldosterone increases _____ reabsorption and ______ secretion | Sodium Potassium |
| How do the kidneys regulate the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood? | Secrete Erythropoietin |
| What is the driving force behind glomerular filtration? | BHP Blood Hydrostatic Pressure |
| whatWhat would cause an increase in renin release? | decreased blood flow to the kidneys |
| What effect does ADH have on the nephron? | promotes water reabsorption |
| What part of the renal system does ADH affect? | the collecting duct |
| If BHP =60mmHg, CHP = 20mmHg, and COP = 25mmHg what is the NFP? | 15mmHg |
Created by:
Cnwilliams723
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