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Dana McLelland
Physiology weeks 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A neurologist is using a voltmeter to measure potential. The membrane potential of a neuron was recorded at +30 mV. This is what type of membrane potential? Resting Action Polarized Conduction | Action |
| When neurotransmitters from synaptic knobs stimulate postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, the effect can add up over a brief period to produce an action potential. This is called tetanus. twitch. spatial summation. temporal summation. | temporal summation. |
| The difference between sodium and potassium in the generation of action potential is that: | sodium causes depolarization of the cell membrane, and potassium causes repolarization of the cell membrane. |
| The tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon is called a(n) synaptic cleft. receptor site. synaptic knob. telondendria. | synaptic knob |
| The action potential seems to “leap” from node to node along a myelinated fiber. This type of impulse regeneration is called __________ conduction. saltatory action potential sensory refractory | saltatory |
| A synapse can occur only between an axon and: a cell body. any of the above. a dendrite. another axon. | any of the above. |
| If the threshold potential is surpassed, the full peak of the action potential is always reached. True False | True |
| The magnitude of the action potential peaks when the sodium channels close. False True | True |
| In a myelinated fiber, the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next. True False | True |
| Which membrane receptor acts to directly change ion permeability when stimulated? Gated-channel receptor Metabotropic receptor G-protein-coupled receptors Ionotropic receptor | Gated-channel receptor |
| A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be multipolarized. polarized. bipolarized. unipolarized. | polarized |
| When a neuron is resting, the inner surface of its plasma membrane is slightly positive compared with its outer surface. False True | False |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the __________ period. resting action repolarization refractory | refractory |
| The speed of a nerve impulse depends on the neuron’s resting potential. True False | False |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): cell body. axon. dendrite. cell body, axon, or dendrite. | axon. |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: serotonin. histamine. dopamine. none of the above. | none of the above. |
| Stimulus-gated channels open in response to: sensory stimuli. the influx of potassium. hyperpolarization. both A and B. | sensory stimuli. |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: repolarization. refraction. saltatory conduction. diffusion. | saltatory conduction. |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): sodium. potassium. proteins. phosphate. | potassium. |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? Phenelzine Imipramine Amitriptyline Cocaine | Phenelzine |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): acetylcholine. enkephalins. dopamine. norepinephrine. | enkephalins. |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? A small-diameter neuron without myelin A large-diameter neuron without myelin A large-diameter neuron with myelin A small-diameter neuron with myelin | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation? constriction of the bronchioles decreased secretion of the pancreas constriction of the urinary sphincters dilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels | constriction of the bronchioles |
| A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. dermatome myotome rami plexus | myotome |
| Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? hypothalamus pineal gland thalamus pons | thalamus |
| A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a muscle stretch. muscle relaxation. glandular secretion. glandular excretion. | glandular secretion |
| The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the extrapyramidal tract. pyramidal tract. motor tract. motor program. | motor program. |
| The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is relaxation. constriction. dilation. no effect. | relaxation. |
| The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot. corneal reflex plantar reflex ankle jerk reflex Babinski sign | Babinski sign |
| The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the longitudinal fissure. central sulcus. lateral fissure. parietooccipital fissure. | central sulcus. |
| If the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a cranial reflex. spinal reflex. cranial reaction. spinal reaction. | cranial reflex. |
| The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the midbrain. medulla oblongata. cortex. cerebellum. | cerebellum |
| The most numerous cerebral tracts are the projection tracts. association tracts. commissural tracts. cerebral nuclei. | association tracts |
| The reticular activating system maintains sleep rhythms. consciousness. unconsciousness. sensory impulses. | consciousness. |
| Damage to the _____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. phrenic axillary radial medial cutaneous | phrenic |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. olfactory trigeminal vagus hypoglossal | vagus |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. sensory perception willed movement only reflex activity both reflex activity and sensation | sensory perception |
| Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. True False | True |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: central canal. choroid plexuses. subarachnoid space. arachnoid villi. | choroid plexuses. |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: hypothalamus. thalamus. medulla. midbrain. | hypothalamus. |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. occipital temporal parietal frontal | temporal |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: malleus, incus, and stapes. malleus, stapes, and incus. stapes, malleus, and incus. stapes, incus, and malleus. | malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: progesterone. estrogen. LTH. chorionic gonadotropin. | progesterone |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? G L S M | M |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: touch. temperature. pain. all of the above. | all of the above |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers. chronic acute visceral both chronic and visceral | Acute |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. tectorial basilar vestibular cochlear | tectorial |
| All of the following are components critical to coagulation except prothrombin. thrombin. fibrinogen. fibrin. none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation. | none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation. |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? red blood cell white blood cell plasma platelet | plasma |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of calcium. vitamin K. prothrombin activator. fibrin. | prothrombin activator |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as hemostasis. fibrinolysis. erythroblastosis. diapedesis. | fibrinolysis. |
| A disease that develops as a result of the reaction of a mother’s Rh antibodies with her Rh-positive baby is hemostasis. hematopoiesis. diapedesis. erythroblastosis fetalis. | erythroblastosis fetalis. |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: hemoglobin. osteons. erythroblasts. hematopoietic stem cells. | hematopoietic stem cells |
| A few arteries open into other branches of the same or other arteries. This is called arterial communication. vessel communication. end arteries. arterial anastomosis. | arterial anastomosis |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? Skin Tendons Internal organs Skeletal muscles | Internal organs |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica media. intima. adventitia. intermedia. | adventitia. |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? tunica adventitia tunica media tunica intima tunica albuginea | Correct! tunica intima |
| Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta? muscular arteries elastic arteries metarterioles resistance arteries | elastic arteries |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? It flows into the inferior vena cava. It flows into the superior vena cava. It flows into the ductus venosus. None above are correct. | It flows into the inferior vena cava |
| The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called cardiac inhibition. coronary inhibition. vagal inhibition. autonomic inhibition. | vagal inhibition |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| What functions as an emergency mechanism when hypoxia or hypercapnia endangers the stability of the internal environment? medullary ischemic reflex vasomotor pressoreflex vasomotor control mechanism chemoreceptor reflex | chemoreceptor reflex |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is erythropoietin. hemoglobin. spectrin. proerythroblast. | erythropoietin. |
| Starling’s law of the heart states that, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the weaker the contraction. slower the heart rate. faster the heart rate. stronger the contraction. | stronger the contraction |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: hemoglobin. osteons. hematopoietic stem cells. | hematopoietic stem cells |
| hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: leukocytosis. anemia. leukemia. polycythemia. | polycythemia |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? aldosterone, ANH, and TSH aldosterone, TSH, and ADH aldosterone, ANH, and ADH aldosterone, ADH, and LH | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called? diapedesis. chemotaxis. erythroblastosis. hematopoiesis. | diapedesis. |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. Inflammatory response Antigen resistance Immunity resistance Species resistance | Species resistance |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories; these are species resistance and specific immunity. mechanical and chemical barriers. innate and adaptive immunity. nonspecific and inflammatory immunity. | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? natural killer cell interferon macrophage viral enzyme | interferon |
| The function of which antibody is basically unknown? IgE IgD IgM IgA | IgD |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are defense and hemostasis. defense and diapedesis. defense and hematopoiesis. hematopoiesis and hemostasis. | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. cytotoxic T cells antigen-presenting cells thymocytes memory T cells | thymocytes |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called lymph mechanisms. lymphokinetic activities. lymphatic activities. none of the above. | lymphokinetic activities |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as phagocytes. leukocytes. natural killer cells. macrophages. | natural killer cells. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antibody’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antibody molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. antibody-mediated cell-mediated nonspecific None of the above are correct. | cell-mediated |
| Memory cells: immediately secrete antibodies when they are formed. are supporting cells and are not related to antibody production. are a special type of T cell. become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. | become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa all of the above | all of the above |
| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration seems to be generated by the medullary rhythmicity area. apneustic center. pneumotaxic center. pons. | medullary rhythmicity area. |
| Which oxygen-binding protein helps move oxygen out of the blood and into muscle cells? fetal hemoglobin myofibril myoglobin carbaminohemoglobin | myoglobin |
| An obstructive lung disorder that is characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the wall of the bronchial air passages is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. asthma. emphysema. | asthma. |
| The ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch is referred to as pressure equilibrium. compliance. elastic recoil. partial pressure. | compliance. |
| The _____ represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. | Vital capacity |
| an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes a drop in pH in the blood. an increase in pH in the blood. no change in pH. an increase in partial pressure. | a drop in pH in the blood. |
| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as the Bohr effect. the Haldane effect. Dalton’s law. Charles’ law. | the Bohr effect. |
| _____ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Dalton’s Henry’s Boyle’s Charles’s | Boyle’s |
| The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is carbamino compound. oxyhemoglobin. carbaminohemoglobin. bicarbonate ion. | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| Oxygen enters blood from alveolar air because the partial pressure of alveolar air is | greater than the partial pressure of incoming blood. |
| When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, some of the carbon dioxide molecules associate with water to form bicarbonate ions. hydroxyl ions. amino acid. carbonic acid. | carbonic acid |
| Pressure gradients are established by changes in the thoracic cavity. abdominal cavity. upper respiratory tract. atmosphere. | thoracic cavity. |
| During the respiratory cycle, intrapleural pressure is always less than alveolar pressure. This difference is called continuous positive airway pressure. elastic recoil. inflation pressure. transpulmonary pressure. | transpulmonary pressure. |
| More than two-thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions. dissolved plasma proteins. carbonic acid. carbamino compounds. | bicarbonate ions. |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. directly; constant inversely; constant directly; constantly changing inversely; constantly changing | inversely; constant |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is: less than in the alveolar air. greater than in the alveolar air. equal to the alveolar air. greater than arterial blood. | less than in the alveolar air. |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: | Tidal volume |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure: inspiration occurs. expiration occurs. lung tissue has collapsed. the bronchioles are obstructed. | expiration occurs. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is : | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. 650 700 Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. 650 700 760 800 | 760 |
| External respiration can be defined as: the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung. pulmonary ventilation. the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells. both A and B. | both A and B. |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? 10% 15% 20% 25% | 20% |
| Peristalsis is regulated in part by the intrinsic stretch reflexes. It is also thought to be stimulated by the hormone gastrin. secretin. glucagon. cholecystokinin (CCK) | cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by which hormones? gastrin and CCK CCK and GIP CCK and secretin secretin and GIP | CCK and secretin |
| The chemical process in which a compound unites with water and then splits into simpler compounds is called dehydration synthesis. hydrolysis. emulsification. none of the above. | hydrolysis. |
| Fats and other nutrients in the duodenum stimulate the intestinal mucosa to release a hormone called aldosterone. gastrin. gastric inhibitory peptide. lecithin. | gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| Stimulation of gastric juice secretion occurs in all of the following phases except the _____ phase. cephalic digestive gastric intestinal | digestive |
| The final step in lipid transport by the intestines is the formation of micelles. chylomicrons. bile. sodium bicarbonate. | chylomicrons. |
| Which of the following is not one of the openings that must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus? Oropharynx Nasopharynx Larynx Mouth | Oropharynx |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is: enterogastrone. secretin. gastrin. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. | secretin. |
| Moistening the food Changing food from large to small particles Propelling food through the digestive tract All of the above are examples of mechanical digestion. | Moistening the food |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content. opposes influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. stimulates contraction of the gallbladder. does all of the above. | does all of the above. |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. passively out of passively into actively out of actively into | passively out of |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: secretion of digestive enzymes in the small intestine. secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach. inhibition of gastric peristalsis. acceleration of gastric peristalsis. | inhibition of gastric peristalsis. |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: stomach. small intestine. cecum. large intestine. | small intestine. |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. oxidation-reduction hydrolyzing phosphorylating hydrase | hydrolyzing |
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