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Physiology
7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| Accommodation for near vision necessitates | an increase in the curvature of the lens. constriction of the pupils. convergence of the two eyes. Correct! all of the above. |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris. |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | permissiveness |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers. | acute |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: Correct! | anterior pituitary |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: | touch. temperature. pain. |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: | protein kinases activate other enzymes. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? Correct! | Chemical messenger travels a short distance. |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: | oxytocin |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: Correct! | progesterone |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | M |
| In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: | slow to appear but long-lasting. |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is Correct! | endolymph |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs |
| All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except: | cortisol. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. | tectorial |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia. |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| The heart begins beating in the fetus at about what stage of development? | After about 4 weeks |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin |
| The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies are particularly sensitive to | hypercapnia. |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | perfusion pressure. |
| Which of the following is not true of ventricles? | They are the pumping chambers of the heart. The myocardium of the ventricles is thicker than that of the atria. The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle. |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics. |
| Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) | sphygmomanometer |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: | polycythemia |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of | prothrombin activator. |
| All of the following are components critical to coagulation except | none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation. |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure. |
| Which of the following is(are) involved in determining a person’s total blood volume? | Age Body type Sex All of the above |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: | body fat. |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors | self-tolerance. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Memory cells: | become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa |
| What is the function of the spleen? | tissue repair hematopoiesis red blood cell and platelet destruction blood reservoir |
| Complement can best be described as a(n): | enzyme in blood. |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity. |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells. |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis. |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The functions of the lymphatic system include: | transporting interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream. providing immunological defenses. transporting absorbed fats from the intestine to the blood. houses and develops lymphocytes |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| The lymph pressure gradient is established by: | breathing movements. skeletal muscle contractions. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| _______ is the only antibody class with the ability to cross the placental barrier, providing passive immunity to the developing fetus during pregnancy. | IgG |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: | tidal volume. |
| External respiration can be defined as: | the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung. pulmonary ventilation. |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is: | less than in the alveolar air. |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | less than in the systemic venous equal to the systemic arterial |
| Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract: | help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Which of the following combinations in arterial blood could cause an increase in the respiratory rate? | Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2 |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | alveoli |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: | a decrease in alveolar pressure. |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure: | expiration occurs. |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
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edwinb
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