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Intro to Biochem

Classes of Biological Molecules and Cell Structure

TermDefinition
Proteins Are composed of 20 amino acids - Made using combinations of the 20 available amino acids, with the order determining the protein's 3D shape.
Peptide bonds Linked together to form long polymers.
3D structures of proteins Folded shapes that are key for biochemical reactions to proceed.
Carbohydrates Important fuel source for most organisms.
Glucose The most common carbohydrate.
Glycogen Stored form of glucose in animals.
Starch Stored form of glucose in plants.
Lipids Commonly called 'fats'. - Form the cell membrane and are key stores of energy.
Hydrophobic regions Water repelling regions in lipids.
Hydrophilic regions Water loving regions in lipids.
Cell membrane Formed by lipids, separates the inside from the outside of a cell.
Nucleic Acids Store and transfer genetic information of an organism.
Nucleotides Composed of 4 types: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T).
RNA Ribonucleic acid, one type of nucleic acid.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, another type of nucleic acid.
Central dogma of Biochemistry The process of DNA being transcribed to RNA, which is then translated to protein. DNA -> RNA -> Proteins.
Plasma membrane The lipid cell membrane that separates the inside from the outside environment.
Cytoplasm Inner, fluid region of a cell where many biochemical reactions take place.
Nucleus Double membrane organelle where DNA is stored in Eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria Responsible for energy generation (ATP) within the cell. An organelle with a double membrane and internal structure that significantly increases its surface area.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Consists of smooth and rough ER, where smooth ER processes exogenous chemicals and rough ER includes ribosomes for protein modification.
Smooth ER A type of endoplasmic reticulum that processes exogenous chemicals, such as drugs.
Rough ER A type of endoplasmic reticulum that includes ribosomes and leads to modifications of synthesized proteins.
Golgi An organelle where vesicles from the Rough ER travel for further processing of proteins, including the addition of carbohydrate molecules.
Secretory granule Buds from the Golgi complex that travel to the cell membrane to release their contents outside of the cell.
Endosome Involved in taking material from the outside of the cell into its interior through a process called endocytosis.
Lysosomes Organelles that contain digestive enzymes used to degrade ingested material, such as bacteria.
Biochemical Reactions All biochemical reactions take place within an aqueous environment, with a typical cell being 70% water.
Water Important for biochemical reactions due to its polarity, which allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds.
Polarity A property of water that leads to an unequal charge distribution, allowing for hydrogen bond formation.
Non-covalent bonds Typically weak, reversible interactions that include ionic, hydrogen, and van der Waals bonds.
Ionic bonds Interactions between distinct electrical charges on atoms, such as negative to positive.
Hydrogen bonds Relatively weak bonds formed between electronegative atoms like oxygen and nitrogen.
Van der Waals bonds Weak interactions that occur between non-polar or uncharged molecules.
Biological molecules Four classes: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Created by: tunbridgeerin
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