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APHY 9.3
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensorimotor function ______ leading to _______ CNS control of each hemisphere | Decussates Contralateral |
| ______ ________ is the term used to describe the separation of function between hemispheres of the cerebral cortex | Cerebral Lateralization |
| Describe the function of the left hemisphere. | Ultimately provides basis for language, logic, calculations. Analyzes/organizes incoming sensory information. |
| Describe the function of the right hemisphere. | Fascial recognition, comprehension of geometrical patterns, spatial reasoning, and analyzing part-whole relationships |
| True or False Lateralized brain damaged coma patients are responsible for the research completed on cerebral lateralization | True |
| Describe the development of lateralization and handedness | In early development, cerebral cortex function is symmetrical and bilateral. Language becomes lateralized in early childhood. |
| What is hemispheric reversal? | Normal language function ends up in the left hemisphere but roughly 10% of people show language on the right. Language centers in right hemisphere is hemispheric reversal |
| True or false. Hemispheric reversal is more common in people who have right-handed dominance. | False. 2%-8% of right-hand dominance demonstrate hemispheric reversal, and 30%-70% of left-handed dominance shows hemispheric reversal |
| Damage to the _______ area produces non-fluent aphasia. This area coordinates rapid, precise muscle coordination of speech production. Comprehension remains in tact | Broca's |
| Speech is slow and poorly articulated in ________ aphasia but, there is no impairment in understanding. Only production of speech is affected. | non-fluent |
| Damage to the ______ area produces fluent aphasia. Language comprehension is destroyed causing "word salad". This area is essential to language itself. | Warnick's |
| Conduction aphasia involves damage to the _________ (connects Warnick's and Broca's area) resulting in difficulty finding the right words and long delay to produce a sentence but no difficulty in producing the movements and comprehension is unaffected. | Arcuate Fasciculus |
| _______ (inability to read) and ________ (inability to write) can result from damage to the _________ | Alexia Agraphia Angular gyrus |
| True or False The angular Gyrus is critical for passing visual information to language comprehension centers. | True |
| True or False Memory is one of the defining features of a brain that gives rise to mind. | True |
| Memory is divided into three categories, what are they? They are all functionally seperate | Sensory memory Short-term memory (working) Long-term memory |
| Newly observed sensory information first enters the _______ memory and is quickly attenuated. | Sensory |
| Some, but not all information makes it to the ________ memory and then some of that information is encoded into ________ memory | short-term (working) long-term |
| True or False Working memory is not limited in capacity and the information lasts as long as it is thought about. | False. It is limited in capacity. "Only lasts as long as information is thought about" is true. |
| In order to make use of information in long-term memory, it must be _______ back into working memory and is not necessarily automatic. | Retrieved |
| True or False. Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity, but information can be difficult to retrieve | True |
| Long-term memory is divided into 3 categories, what are they? | Nondeclarative memory Episodic Memory Semantic memory |
| _______ memory (long-term) also called "muscle memory" constitutes simple skills and conditioning | Nondeclarative |
| _______ memory (long-term) saves memories of events/experiences including sensory experiences | Episodic |
| _______ memory (long-term) saves symbolic constructions including meaning and schematic connections | Semantic |
| The ______ ______ ______ (lobe) appears to be storage area for long-term visual memories | Inferior temporal lobe |
| The ________ is the location of executive function and is the coordination center for bringing together the various components of the working memory to make decisions and evaluate strategies. | Prefrontal cortex |
| The ______ is the last part of the brain to develop. | Prefrontal cortex |
| Studies of people with _______ reveal that areas of the temporal lobe, hippocampus, head of caudate nucleus, and dorsomedial thalamus are all involved in organizing, creating/accessing memories | Amnesia |
| The _______ does not store long-term memories but is required to from new ones | Hippocampus |
| True or False Neurons in the hippocampus require large amounts of energy when actively consolidating memories as shown by increased glycolysis and lactic acid production in associated astrocytes | True |
| True or False Forming new memories requires transcription and translation because toxins affect long-term memory formation | True |
| If a memory has an emotional component, the ______ _______ (located next to hippocampus) becomes involved in memory formation | Amygdaloid body |
| The amygdaloid body and hippocampus have receptors for ________. | Glucocorticoids |
| True or false Cortisol levels have no role in strengthening emotional memory formation | False. |
| Short-term (working) memory may involve a _______ _______ where neurons synapse on each other in a circle. | recurrent circuit |
| True or False Interruption of the recurrent circuit in short-term memory destroys the memory | True |
| True or False. How long-term memories are physically recorded is not understood, but it likely involves dendritic spines found on pyramidal cells. These neurons are found in high concentration in areas associated with long-term memory | True |
| What are the 6 things the hypothalamus controls via input from higher brain regions. | Hunger/satiety and thirst Regulation of body temperature Regulation of circadian rhythm Sexual arousal and performance Visceral responses to emotions Fight-or-Flight response |
| True or False The hypothalamus is not a control center for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. | False |
| What two nuclei in the hypothalamus play a role in sexual activity | Sexually dimorphic nucleus pre-optic area (mainly in males) |
| The ______ and the ______ _____ are the main thermoregulators | preoptic and anterior nucleus |
| The preoptic area senses the _______ temperature and directs shivering in response to low temperature via connections to the motor cortex and metabolic thermogenesis via the ________ nervous system. | internal sympathetic |
| True or False Both the preoptic and anterior nuclei are required for responses to high temperature, these include vasodilation and sweat gland activation via the sympathetic nervous system | True |
| The preoptic area and anterior nucleus create a ________ feedback loop to maintain temperature homeostasis | negative |
| What acts as a master clock for the body crucial for circadian rhythm? | Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus uses roughly 20,000 _____ cells, whose electrical activity oscillates in a pattern that repeats every 24 hours | Clock |
| _______ ________ _______ (genes) have proteins that inhibit further expression of the same genes until the proteins break down again setting up a delay circuit that effectively keeps time. | Circadian Clock Genes |
| ________ cells in the retina sense overall light levels and send signals to the clock cells which respond by calibrating to the day-night cycle | Ganglion |
| The system of sleep and arousal is handled by the _____ _____ ____ | Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
| _______ neurons project to the thalamus and promote the transmission of sensory impulses to the cortex | Cholinergic |
| A variety of _____ and _______ neurons project to various locations in the cortex and promote wakefulness and alertness | adrenergic and histaminergic |
| Special neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area release a peptide neurotransmitter called ________, critical for wakefulness and also promote appetite and desire for physical activity | Orexin (hypocretin) |
| Destruction of the special neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area results in ________ | Narcolepsy |
| Neurons from the _____ ______ ______ (nucleus) of the hypothalamus release GABA, inhibiting the RAS to cause sleep | ventrolateral preoptic nucleus |
| What are the two types of sleep. | REM resting sleep (non-REM) |
| Which type of sleep is divided into 4 different stages of progressively deeper sleep | Resting sleep (non-REM) |
| True or False In non-REM, neurons decrease firing rates, decrease blood flow and energy metabolism thought to allow repair of metabolic damage done to cells and time for neuroplasticity mechanisms needed to store memories | True |
| The _________ (system) is responsible for waste removal that is unique to the brain and is primarily active during sleep. | Glymphatic System |
| The sleep cycle repeats every ______ minutes, most people go through about 5 cycles a night | 90 minutes |
| __________ is conducted by placing electrodes on the scalp to measure small electrical fields resulting from mass activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex depolarizing rhythm | Electroencephalography (EEG) |
| 4 patterns are observed in an EEG what are they? | Apha waves Beta Waves Theta Waves Delta waves |
| ______ waves, produced by an awake, relaxed brain with closed eyes, seen most in parietal and occipital lobes. | Alpha |
| _____ waves, produced with visual stimulation and mental activity; seen most in frontal lobes | Beta |
| _____ waves, produced in REM sleep (adults) and when awake doing tasks that require attention/memory | Theta |
| ______ waves, produced in non-REM sleep from all over the cerebrum. These indicate brain damage if produced by an awake adult | Delta |
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