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APHY 9.2
NEUROTRANSMISSION
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True or False The action potential does not occur in the cell body and dendrites | True |
| Where do graded potentials occur? | The cell body and dendrites |
| Axons encode intensity information in a ________ _______ manner | Frequency Modulated |
| Since all action potentials are 100% __________, they cannot encode intensity information in magnitude | depolarizations |
| Graded potentials in the cell body and dendrites encode intensity information as the _________ of ___________ | Grade of depolarization |
| The resting potential of -70mV encodes _____ (#) on the intensity level | 0 |
| The channels found in the cell body and dendrites are opened/closed by __________ _________ | Allosteric regulation |
| True or False Allosteric regulation does not involve the binding of a specific molecule. | False |
| What are the two types of allosteric regulation? | Ligand-gated ion channels G-protein coupled channels |
| How do ligand-gated ion channels open? | When bound with a chemical messenger molecule. (A ligand is a molecule bound to another) |
| How do G-protein coupled channels open? | G-Protein receptors |
| Neurons have two major jobs, what are they? | Carry messages quickly Integration |
| ________ involves blending together multiple inputs to arrive at a decision, and this function is carried out by what part of the neuron? | Integration - carried out by cell body and dendrites |
| Integration is possible because graded potentials can be added together, a process called _______ | Summation |
| True or False The effects of multiple inputs are all "considered" by the summation effect on the membrane potential from each of the ion channels that they open. | True |
| A ______ is the functional connection between a neuron and the cell it is signaling | synapse |
| Most synapses are chemical in nature and involve the release of a _________ by the terminal button of the presynaptic neuron, that diffuses across the _____ ______, then binds to receptors on the ___________ neuron | neurotransmitter synaptic cleft postsynaptic neuron |
| Why are synaptic clefts so small? | To keep the process fast, and to minimize cross-talk |
| If a neural synapses is not a chemical one, then it is an __________ synapse, these are found in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, between some neurons of the brain and between astrocytes. | electrical |
| In an electrical synapse, cells are joined by a ______ ________, that span both membranes between cells and allow ions and molecules to pass from one cell to the other | gap junction |
| True or False Electrical Synapse gap junction only work if cells are small, close together and can directly share graded potentials, and are not useful for regular neurotransmission | True |
| Graded potentials in the postsynaptic neuron results from the action of a _________ and depends on what type of ion is involved. | neurotransmitter |
| Opening of ___ or ____ channels results in a graded depolarization called ________ | Na+ or Ca++ Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
| Opening of ____ or ____ channels results in a graded hyperpolarization called __________ | K+ or Cl- Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
| The "decision" takes place at the ____ _____ where the first voltage-gated channels are located | Axon Hillock |
| If the membrane potential of the axon hillock is brought about ____mV, the ____ channels open and a _______ ______ occurs | -55mV Na+ channels open Action potential occurs |
| True or False Synapses cannot be located anywhere on the cell body and dendrites | False |
| True or False Synapse's location matters because the effects will attenuate with distance from the axon hillock, allowing for different inputs to have different summations based just on the physical distance | True |
| True or False Summation of the combined effects of any and all EPSPs and IPSPs at the axon hillock determines if an impulse is transmitted and how frequently | True |
| Monoamines, amino acids, and peptides are all example of what? | Chemicals that serve as neurotransmitters |
| True or False A given neuron may have postsynaptic receptors for many neurotransmitters and can produce outputs for all | False, a neurons postsynaptic receptors can only produce one as an output |
| Where are neurotransmitters produced? Where are they stored | Produced in the rough ER or cytoplasm of cell body Stored in Synaptic vesicles in terminal button |
| Neurotransmitters are released by _______ | Exocytosis |
| _______ and synthetic neurotransmitters are the active compounds in many medications, and drugs of abuse | Exogenous |
| When the impulse reaches the end of the axon, the depolarization opens voltage-gated _____ channels | Ca++ |
| Ca++ channels open at a threshold just above ______mV, and close below it | -70 |
| The influx of Ca++ activates _______ which cause the synaptic vesicles to move to the plasma membrane ad exocytosis of the neurotransmitter | enzymes |
| True or false A greater frequency of action potentials results in more neurotransmitter release, decoding the frequency modulation of impulse conduction down the axon | True |
| The most common neurotransmitter in both CNS and PNS is what? | ACh (acetylcholine) |
| ACh usually has an ________ effect | excitatory |
| Neurons that release ACh are called __________ neurons | Cholinergic |
| True or false All somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic autonomic, and most parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are cholinergic | True |
| ________ receptors are ligand-gated Na+ channels, and their effect is always _______ | Nicotinic Excitatory |
| ________ receptors are G-protein receptors and have 5 subtypes. Some are coupled to ion channels, while others activate what two secondary messenger systems. | Muscarinic cAMP or IP3-DAG |
| Nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors are both _________ receptors | Cholinergic |
| Acetylcholinesterase is bound to what? | Bound to the membrane of the postsynaptic cells |
| Acetylcholinesterase deactivates ACh by splitting it into what? | Acetate and Choline |
| The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is what? It is used in ____% of synapses in the brain and spinal cord | Glutamate 80% |
| What are the main excitatory receptors of the CNS that work like nicotinic receptors? | AMPA receptors |
| What receptor requires a simultaneous binding of both glutamate and glycine, and that a partial depolarization must already be present? | NMDA receptors |
| NMDA receptors are both ______-gated and ______-gated | Chemically-gated and voltage-gated |
| NMDA receptors are involved in the formation of _______ memory | long term |
| ______ _______ refers to permanent changes in the structure and/or function of synapses | Synaptic Plasticity |
| True or False NMDA receptors change long-term behavior of synapses by causing the insertion or removal of AMPA receptors, and have been proven to play a role in learning and memory | True |
| The change in the number of _______ receptors, lead to permanent increase or decrease in the normal excitatory response to glutamate | AMPA |
| Increasing the excitability response to glutamate is called ____-____ _____ and the opposite effect is called ____-_____ ______ | Long-term potentiation (LTP) Long-term depression (LTD) |
| What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain | GABA |
| GABA is produced by an enzyme that converts it from _______ | Glutamate |
| ______ functions similarly to GABA | Glycine |
| _______ (neurotransmitter) is used by 1/3 of the brain's neurons | GABA |
| Glycine is more common in the ______ _____ | Spinal Cord |
| Both Glycine and GABA open ____ channels, which causes hyperpolarization | Cl- |
| Glycine and GABA both are used only in the ______ | CNS |
| _____ are a family of neurotransmitters derived from amino acids | Monoamine |
| Where are monoamines made, and how are they released. | Made in presynaptic axon, released via exocytosis and diffuse across the synapse, and bind to specific receptors |
| True or False Monoamines are quickly taken back into the presynaptic cell and degraded by monoamine oxidase | True |
| All monoamine receptors are _________ | G-protein |
| _________ are monoamines derived specifically from tyrosine | Catecholamine |
| What are the 3 types of Catecholamines, that function as both hormones and neurotransmitters? | Dopamine receptors (and the 5 subtypes) Epinephrine Norepinephrine |
| Tissues with ________ receptors respond to both epinephrine and norepinephrine | adrenergic |
| Between epinephrine and norepinephrine, which is the major neurotransmitter? | norepinephrine |
| Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are ______, and produce mainly _________ as their neurotransmitter | adrenergic norepinephrine |
| Alpha Adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to ________ | Norepinephrine |
| Beta Adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to ________ | Epinephrine |
| Dopaminergic neurons produce ______ and mainly occur in what two brain systems? | Produces Dopamine Nigrostriatal dopamine system Mesolimbic dopamine system |
| Which brain system is crucial for skeletal muscle control, and results in Parkinson's disease when function ceases. | Nigrostriatal Dopamine System |
| Which brain system is involved in emotional rewards for eating, sex, winning, etc. This system evolved to encourage behaviors that improve survival and reproduction, but also leaves humans vulnerable to addiction | Mesolimbic Dopamine System |
| Continued exposure to an addictive drug causes down-regulation of dopamine receptors in the ______ ______ | Nucleus Accumbens |
| ______ stimulates dopaminergic neurons to release dopamine | Nicotine |
| _______ inhibits the activity of GABAergic neurons via endocannabinoid receptors, which removes inhibition on dopaminergic neurons | Marijuana |
| ______ and ______ directly inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, prolonging and enhancing its effects. | Cocaine and Amphetamine |
| Quitting an addictive drug causes ______ and anxiety by depressing dopamine circuits and activating fear circuits in the amygdala. | Withdrawal |
| _______ is derived from the amino acid histidine, and is a _______ but not a catecholamine | histamine monoamine |
| Histamine promotes what in the CNS. | Wakeful alertness |
| Outside of the brain histamine is an important paracrine messenger involved in ________ | inflammation |
| _____-_____ drugs are anti-allergic medications | anti-histamine |
| Histamine come in ____(#) major types | 4. H1, H2, H3, H4 |
| _____ is derived from the amino acid tryptophan, and is a _______ but not a catecholamine | serotonin monoamine |
| Serotonin receptors are called _________ and come in 7 subfamilies. | 5-hyroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT) |
| 5-HT3 is the only serotonin receptor that does not function as a g-protein receptor, instead it acts as a ________ receptor | Nicotinic |
| _________ is a gas produced by some neurons in the CNS and PNS from the amino acid L-arginine. | Nitric Oxide |
| True or False Nitric oxide cannot diffuse simply across the presynaptic axon plasma membrane and must be carried in a vesicle | False. |
| True or False Nitric oxide acts as its own secondary messenger OR activate the production of cGMP. | True |
| In the PNS, nitric oxide is released by what neurons, onto cells in the digestive tract, respiratory passages, blood vessels, and penis/clitoris causing muscle relaxation and vasodilation | Autonomic neurons |
| How does Viagra work? | Increases nitric oxide production from parasympathetic nitrergic neurons, thus increasing the signals that cause genital erection. |
| How do nitrate heart medications work? | By entering the blood stream and breaking down chemically, directly releasing nitric oxide into the blood stream |
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