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Groups/ events
Self explanatory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cockney School | A derogatory title applied by Blackwood's Magazine to 19th century writers with an alleged poor taste in diction and rhyme (William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, John Keats) |
| Fleshly School of Poetry | A critical essay in the Contemporary Review 1871 by Thomas Maitland (Robert W Buchanan) in which Dante Rosetti took the brunt of the criticism. Also "Mutual Admiration School" |
| Graveyard School | A group of 18th century poets who wrote long poems on death and immortality. Atmosphere of pleasing gloom. Example is Thomas Parnell. |
| Kailyard School | A group of Scottish writers whose work dealt idealistically with village life in Scotland. (example is J.M. Barrie) |
| Spasmodic School | A phrase from W.E. Aytoun in 1854 to a group of contemporary English poets whose verse reflected discontent and unrest, marked by jerkiness and strained emphasis. |
| Cavalier Lyricists | A group of followers of Charles I who composed lighthearted poems. Included Thomas Carew, Richard Lovelace, and Sir John Suckling. |
| Goliardic Poets | Lilting Latin verse, usually satiric, composed by university students and wandering scholars in Germany, France and England in the 12th and 13th centuries. Celebrated wine, women, and song. |
| Lake Poets | This term came from the Edinburgh Review and used for poets such as Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey; lived in the same district in northwest England. |
| Pre-Raphaelites | Began in 1848 with Dante Rosetti, Holman-Hunt, and John Millais. Wanted to regain the spirit of simple devotion and adherence to nature. Characterized by pictorial elements, symbolism, sensuousness, metrical experimentation |
| Frankfurt School | a group of scholars known for developing critical theory and popularizing the dialectical method of learning by interrogating society's contradictions. Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse. |
| Geneva School | A group of critics, including Georges Poulet, Marcel Raymond, Albert Beguin; a literary work as a series of existential expressions of the author's individual consciousness. |
| Satanic School | A phrase used by Southey in the preface to his Vision of Judgement to designate the members of the literary group made up of Byron, Shelley and Hunt. |
| Beat Generation | A group of American poets of the 1950s and 60s in a rebellion against the prevailing culture. Loose structure and slang diction. Leaders were Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Corso, and Jack Kerouac. |
| Black Mountain School | Writers like Charles Olson, Robert Creeley and Robert Duncan. A bold experiment in aesthetic education; highly influential in projective verse movement. |
| Harlem Renaissance | The first major literary movement of African American writers. Included Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Countee Cullen and Claude McKay. Defining moment was publication of The New Negro in 1925 by Alain Locke. |
| Knickerbocker Group | A New York Group made famous by Washington Irving in first half of 19th century. Other members were James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant. |
| Lost Generation | A group of American writers born around 1900 who served in WWI. Very active in publication of little magazines. Reacted against tendences of older writers in 1920s. |
| the Agrarians | People living in an agricultural society or espousing the merits of such a society. John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren. |
| the Fugitives | A group associated with Vanderbilt University and published a magazine for which they were named. Later associated with the Agrarians |
| The Hartford Wits | A group of Connecticut writers, active around the American Revolution. Most prominent were Joel Barlow, Timothy Dwight, and John Trumbull. aka Connecticut Wits |
| the Muckrackers | A group of American writers who between 1902 and 1911 worked to expose the dishonest methods and unscrupulous motives in big business and in city, state, and national government. |
| New York School | A group of American poets who flourished between 1950 and 1970, distinguished by urbanity, wit, learning, spontaneity, and exuberance. Led by Frank O'Hara |
| Bluestockings | A term applied to women of pronounced intellectual interests. Directed toward encouraging an interest in literature, fostering the recognition of literary genius, and hence helping to remove the odium that had attached to earlier "learned ladies." |
| Parnassians | 19th century French poets influenced by 'art for art's sake'; great objective clarity and precision of detail. Lead by Leconte de Lisle |
| P.E.N. | Abbreviation for International Association of Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, and Novelists |
| Fireside Poets | Suggested warmth and domesticity as well as their northern environment. Notable members: William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes |
| Ciceronians | A group of Latin stylists in the Renaissance who would not use any word that could not be found in Cicero's writings. |
| Inkhornists | A group in the Renaissance who favored the introduction of heavy Latin and Greek words into the standard English Vocabulary |
| Pleiade | A term originally applied to an ancient group of 7 authors and later some others that flourished in France in 2nd half of 16th century. Native language to be enriched by coining words, borrow from Greek and Latin, and restoring lost native words |
| Bloomsbury Group | A group of writers and thinkers, lead by Virginia Woolf in 1920s and 30s: the rational ends of social progress are "the pleasures of human intercourse and the enjoyment of beautiful objects" |
| School of Donne | Another name for the metaphysical poets |
| School of Night | A group of Elizabethan dramatists, poets, and scholars, with perhaps some of the nobility. Lead by Sir Walter Ralegh. |
| Tribe of Ben | A contemporary nickname for young poets and dramatists of the 17th century who acknowledged "rare Ben Johnson" as their master; chief was Robert Herrick. |
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Maximusprimus
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