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Physiology

Assignment 1 Ch 4

TermDefinition
In the human body, the following four major groups of organic substances are very important: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids and related molecules
carbohydrate carbohydrate compounds contain the ele-ments carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen—usually in the ratio of 1:2:1.
carbohydrates are divided into three types or classes that are characterized by the length of their carbon chains. 1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) 2. Disaccharides (double sugars) 3. Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
Monosaccharides relatively small carbohydrates.
The most important simple sugar glucose. C6H12O6.
Major Functions of Human Carbohydrate Compounds; Energy Simple sugars provide the main source of energy for cells; complex carbohydrates may provide temporary energy storage
Major Functions of Human Carbohydrate Compounds: Molecular structure Ribose and deoxyribose sugars serve as components of RNA and DNA subunits
Major Functions of Human Carbohydrate Compounds: Cell membrane components Sugars on cell membranes may act as signals or identification tags, as in immune system identification of cell types
Major Functions of Human Carbohydrate Compounds: E xtracellular matrix Carbohydrates make up important functional materials within the substance found between cells of some tissues
Major Functions of Human Carbohydrate Compounds: Major Functions of Human Carbohydrate Compounds; Energy Carbohydrates that make up plant fibers promote digestive health
disaccharides double sugars
polysaccharides complex sugars
Glyco-gen, a polymer of glucose, is sometimes referred to as animal starch
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides.
polymer Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules
Major Functions of Human Lipid Compounds: Energy Lipids can be stored and broken down later for energy; they yield more energy per unit of weight than carbohydrates or proteins do
Major Functions of Human Lipid Compounds: Structure Phospholipids and cholesterol are required components of cell membranes
Major Functions of Human Lipid Compounds: Vitamins Lipid-soluble vitamins: vitamin A forms retinal (necessary for night vision); vitamin D increases calcium uptake; vitamin E promotes wound healing; and vitamin K is required for the synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
Major Functions of Human Lipid Compounds: Protection Fatty tissue surrounds and protects organs
Major Functions of Human Lipid Compounds: Insulation Fatty tissue under the skin minimizes heat loss; lipid tissue (myelin) covers nerve cells and electrically insulates them
Major Functions of Human Lipid Compounds Regulation Steroid hormones regulate many physiological processes; ex, estrogen and testosterone = differences between females and males; prostaglandins help regulate inflammation and tissue repair; some phospholipids regulate cell functions
Lipids water-insoluble organic bio-molecules. Lipids ordinarily do not dissolve in water because lipid molecules are generally nonpolar.
Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids, and they function as the body’s most concentrated source of energy.
Two types of building blocks are needed to synthesize or build a fat molecule glycerol and fatty acids.
Created by: elchavez3
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