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Leilanie Tacaca
Human Physiology Week 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | minimize changes in blood glucose levels, maintain homeostasis, are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature. |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | the body trying to maintain homeostasis, a negative-feedback mechanism |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | viruses |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Environment, Stress, Lifestyle |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | accelerate a change |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | occurrence, distribution, transmission |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | the course of disease development |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | set point |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity |
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | a state of relative constancy |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | positive |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | hypothalamus |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | Transmitter |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | It contains ribose sugar, it contains adenine, it is composed of smaller molecules called nucleotides |
| DNA: | is a double-helix strand of nucleotides |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | Structural and functional |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine phosphate |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is: | nitrogen |
| If one side of a DNA molecule is CTAGGCTG, the other side would be: | GATCCGAC |
| All of the following substances are organic except: | electrolytes |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both have a ring structure in their molecule |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: | NH3+ |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | Degree of saturation |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | steroids |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | glycogen |
| Which lipid acts as a “tissue hormone”? | Prostaglandin |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: | phospholipid, steroid |
| Peptide bonds join together molecules of: | amino acids |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | essential amino acids |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | hypertonic |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | hypertrophy |
| Which is true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Three sodium ions are taken out of the cell |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | haploid |
| NaCl would move through the cell membrane in which direction? | Both into and out of the cell |
| All of the following are examples of passive transport except: | endocytosis |
| Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | It contains deoxyribose sugar |
| Which of the following statements is true? | The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is: | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| When the chromosomes align themselves across the equator of the spindle fibers, it is characteristic of which phase of mitosis? | Metaphase |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | aquaporins |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | an even exchange of material across the membrane |
| Which of the following terms is synonymous with tumor? | Neoplasm |
| Transcription can be best described as the: | synthesis of mRNA |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | filtration |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | active transport |
| An individual’s entire set of DNA can be referred to as a: | genome |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| Which of the following is not a function of the skin? | Synthesis of vitamin E |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by _____ tissue. | connective, epithelial |
| The area referred to as true skin is the: | dermis |
| Which is not a function of epithelial tissue? | Assimilation |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal muscles? | Having one nucleus per cell |
| Areolar tissue usually contains which types of cells in the greatest number? | Fibroblasts |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue? | Cells are separated by a large quantity of extracellular matrix |
| Which of the following vitamins is(are) absorbed through the skin? | Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? | Communication |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | basale |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? | Brown fat |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue? | Is important in communication and control |
| A tissue is: | a group of similar cells that perform a common function |
| What structure is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina? | Basement membrane |
| The papillary layer of the dermis: | produces the ridges that make fingerprints |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of smooth muscles? | Having intercalated disks |
| The hypodermis: | connects the dermis to underlying tissues |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the: | addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | additional matrix |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located: | in the diaphysis |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? | Calcium, Phosphorus |
| Which of the following may cause skeletal variations? | Inadequate supply of calcium and vitamin D, Mechanical stress, Age |
| Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones? | Hormonal production |
| The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called: | osteoclasts |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanels |
| A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort in the: | knee |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the clavicle | False |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is | kyphosis |
| An open fracture is also known as a compound fracture | True |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | osteoblasts |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? | Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35 and 40 |
| Young children’s bones have a greater risk of fracturing because of incompletely ossified bone | False |
| During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the: | pelvic outlet |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| The type of movement that occurs when the head is dropped to the shoulder, then to the chest, to the other shoulder, and toward the back is: | circumduction |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: | somatic motor neurons |
| Which muscle group extends the vertebral column and also flexes the back laterally and rotates it a little? | erector spinae |
| Which of the following is not an end-product of the breakdown of ATP? | An inorganic phosphate, Energy that can be used in muscle contraction, ADP |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? | Troponin |
| All of the following are characteristics of smooth muscle except: | thin and thick filaments are aligned in sarcomeres like skeletal muscles |
| The opposite of eversion is: | inversion |
| The ion necessary for cross-bridging is: | calcium |
| White fibers are also called _____ fibers. | fast |
| Aerobic respiration: | produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule |
| Which joint allows for the most movement? | Ball and socket |
| All of the following are true characteristics of an isometric contraction except: | movement is produced |
| Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called: | plantar flexion |
| A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes is called a(n) _____ contraction. | isotonic |
| In terms of function, which is considered an immovable joint? | Synarthrosis |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | Saddle |
| The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint. | hinge |
| A gliding joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | multiaxial |
| The largest and most frequently injured joint is the: | knee |
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP |
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ltacaca
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