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NCSF Unit One
Functional Anatomy/Biomechanics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tough fibrous band of connective tissue that supports internal organs and holds bones together properly in joints. | Ligament |
| A thickened connective tissue that envelops a muscle or a group of muscles. | Muscle Fascia |
| A point of articulation between two or more bones. | Joint |
| A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones. | Tendon |
| Contains synovial fluid and allows for considerable movement between articulating bones. | Synovial Joints |
| A tiny fluid-filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body. | Bursa |
| A protein found within the myofibril that functions with myosin to facilitate muscle contractions. | Actin |
| A contractile protein in muscle cells responsible for the elastic and contractile properties of muscles. | Myosin |
| Threadlike fibrils that make up the contractile part of a striated muscle fiber. | Myofibrils |
| Uniting two bones by means of either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. | Cartilaginous |
| Filaments made up of actin and myosin that are structural units of a myofibril. | Myofilaments |
| A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue found in various parts of the body, such as the joints, outer ear, and larynx. | Hyaline Cartilage |
| The dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones except at the joints and serving as an attachment for muscles and tendons. | Periosteum |
| Cartilage that allows for greater movement capabilities due to its flexible nature. | Fibrocartilage |
| Bone mineral density (BMD) that is lower than normal. | Osteopenia |
| The disease state of demineralized bony tissue. | Osteoporosis |
| The mineral content of bone. | Bone Mass |
| The mineral content in a given volume of bone used as a measure of bony health and in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. | Bone Mineral Density |
| The transverse cartilaginous plate near the end of a child's bone that is responsible for the lengthening growth of the bone. | Epiphyseal Plates |
| Joints that stretch further than a normal range of motion. | Hyperextension |
| A reference posture used in anatomical description in which the subject stands erect with feet parallel and arms adducted and supinated, with palms facing forward. | Anatomical Position |
| The movement of the ball of the foot toward the shin. | Dorsi Flexion |
| Movement at the ankle used to raise the heel from the ground. | Plantar Flexion |
| Movement away from the midline of the body. | Abduction |
| Movement toward the midline of the body. | Adduction |
| The action at the shoulder and hip joint where the articulating bone is rotated away from the body. | External Rotation |
| The action at the shoulder and hip joint where the articulating bone is rotated toward the body from anatomical position. | Internal Rotation |
| A plate or ring of fibrocartilage attached to the joint capsule and separating the articular surface of the bone. | Articular discs |
| A sac enclosing a joint, formed by an outer fibrous membrane and inner synovial membrane. | Joint Capsule |
| A layer of connective tissue which line the joint and produces synovial fluid. | Synovial Membrane |
| The median plane of the body. | Midline |
| Placed before or in front. | Anterior |
| Located behind a part or toward the rear. | Posterior |
| Situated or extending away from the medial plane of the body. | Lateral |
| To bend; | Flexion |
| To straighten or extend | Extension |
| Rotation of the forearm which crosses the radius & ulna, palms face posterior/down | Pronation |
| Rotation of the forearm which crosses the radius & ulna, palms face anteriorly/up | Supination |
| Movement away from the midline | Horizontal Abduction |
| Movement toward the midline | Horizontal Adduction |
| The turning of a structure around its long axis. | Rotation |
| A dynamic structure constantly undergoing changes in the body. | Bone |
| The skull, vertebral column, hyoid bone, and rib cage. | Axial Skeleton |
| The organic compounds of protein, mainly in the form of collagen fiber, represent 33% of bone, | while the mineral content represents the other 67%. |
| Three behaviors are critical to promote good bone development | Consume plenty of Vitamin D & Calcium, Regular physical activity, and Resistance training. |
| The three major classifications of joints | fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial |
| Plane Joint | Spinal Vertabrae |
| Pivot Joint | neck |
| Hinge Joint | knee/elbow |
| Condyloid Joint | wrist |
| Saddle Joint | thumb |
| Ball and Socket Joint | Hip/Shoulder |
| The ability of a joint to move is dependent upon 3 factors. | Muscular attachment location/insertion site, Type of joint, Shape of the articular surface |
| Identify the five regions of the spine from top to bottom. | Cervical(7), Thoracic(12), Lumbar(5), Sacrum(1), Coccyx(1) |
| Most disc-related injuries occur from | repetitive microtraumas. |
| Sagittal Plane | Transverse Axis (flexion, extension) |
| Transverse Plane | Longitudinal Axis (horizontal abduction/adduction) |
| Frontal Plane | Anterio-Posterior Axis (inversion, eversion) |
| Prime mover that supports trunk flexion. | Rectus Abdominis |
| Prime mover that supports trunk rotation. | External/Internal Obliques |
| Anterior Pelvic Tilt | Increases the convexity (lordosis) of the lumbar spine and may place excessive stress on the posterior aspects of the discs in the region. |
| Glenohumeral joint | Capable of movement in all planes, including hyperextension. |
| The four muscles of the rotator cuff. | Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis |
| The upper body muscle that causes both shoulder extension and shoulder adduction. | Latissimus dorsi |
| The muscle used to initiate the seated row via scapular retraction. | Rhomboids |
| The humerus is horizontally adducted by the pectoralis major, | while the deltoid causes horizontal abduction. |
| The hip extensor muscle primarily responsible for the squat. | Gluteus maximus |
| The hip extensor muscle primarily responsible for the romainian deadlift. | Biceps Femoris |
| A knee muscle that is also a hip flexor. | rectus femoris |
| After the age of 30, women will lose approximately how much bone mass per decade? | 8% |
| The rate, or a measure of the rate, of motion. | Velocity |
| How quickly a position changes. | Speed |
| The capacity to do work. | Energy |
| Time rate of doing work or (Force x Distance) / Time | Power |
| The energy possessed by a body because of its motion. | Kinetic Energy |
| A change in the velocity of an object. | Acceleration |
| Transfer of energy by a force acting to displace a body. | Work |
| The turning effect created by a force about an axis. | Torque |
| A unit of power in the International System of Units equal to one joule per second. | Watt |
| Energy stored by an object by virtue of its position. | Potential Energy |
| Change in position that occurs when all points on an object move the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time. | Linear Motion |
| Mass of an object times the linear velocity of the object. | Linear Momentum |
| Asymmetrical Load | A single sided or unbalanced load |
| Balance | A stable state characterized by the cancellation of all forces by equal, opposing forces. |
| Resistance Arm | The distance between the fulcrum and the point of resistance. |
| Force Couples | Torque created about an axis by a pair of oppositely directed forces. |
| Center of Gravity | The point where the mass of the object is equally balanced. |
| Kinetic Chain | A group of body segments connected by joints so that the segments operate together to provide a wide range of motion for the limb. |
| Rotational Inertia | As a rotating body spins about an internal or external axis (either fixed or unfixed), it opposes any change in the body's speed of rotation that may be caused by torque. |
| Angular Momentum | The product of the momentum of a rotating body and its distance from the axis of rotation. In lay terms, angular momentum can be thought as the "amount of rotation" of the body. |
| Antagonist | The role of a muscle whose torque opposes the action. |
| Agonist | The role of a muscle whose torque aids the action, often referred to as the prime mover. |
| Strength Balance | The force production relationship between opposing muscles or muscle groups. |
| Name two internal forces that act on the body. | Tensile Forces (stretching force) and Compressive Force (pushing force) |
| Name two external forces that act on the body. | Contact Force (wind, water, the ground) and Frictional Force |
| General Motion is a combination of: | Linear Motion & Angular Motion |
| If the starting position is known, a particular motion can be quantified by: | Speed & Velocity |
| Positive Work is known as | Concentric Contraction |
| Negative Work is known as | Eccentric Contraction |
| Mechanical Energy is held in 2 forms: | Kinetic (energy in motion) & Potential |
| W (work) / T (time to do work) = | Power |
| As a muscle's contraction velocity increases, | its maximal force output decreases. |
| Power Output is dependent upon two factors: | Quantity of power & Time it is sustained. |
| The torques created by the muscles of the body are dependent upon | force & attachment location. |
| Gravity pulls on the center of mass of an object . . . | at the rate of 9.81 m/sec2 |
| Newton's First Law | If an object is motionless, it will remain that way unless a force acts upon it. |
| Newton's Second Law | If an external force is applied to an object, the object will change speed/direction. |
| Newton's Third Law | If an object exerts force on another object, the reacting force from the other object will be equal and opposite. |
| Three variables that can be manipulated to achieve bodily stability. | Base of support, Height of the center of gravity, Line of gravitational pull. |
| Four components that make up the inner unit of the lumbopelvic region: | Transverse abdominis, Pelvic floor, Multifidus, Diaphragm |
| Transverse abdominis/Multifidus | The primary stabilizer for the lumbopelvic region. |
| The amount of the rotational inertia produced is dependent upon three factors . . . | Total mass, Distribution of the mass, Angular velocity |
| Contractile Velocity | Has the greatest effect on a measured power output. |
Created by:
Wonderwoman65
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