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Unit 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | The basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Microscope | An instrument used to make small objects look larger. |
| Cell theory: A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. | All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, all cells are produced from other cells. |
| Compound Microscope | Focuses light through lenses to produce a magnified image, using two lenses. |
| Electron Microscope | Using beams of electrons to produce a magnified image. |
| Magnification | The condition of things appearing larger than they are, using convex lenses (center is thicker than the edges) |
| Resolution | The ability to see details more clearly, the higher the resolution the sharper the image. |
| Elements | any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. |
| Compounds | when 2 or more elements chemically combine. |
| Organic compounds | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic compounds must contain carbon. |
| Inorganic compounds | water. Inorganic compounds DO NOT contain carbon. |
| Carbohydrates | energy rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Items that have sugar and starches would be |
| Lipids | Fats, oils, and waxes. Examples: whole milk, ice cream, and fried foods. |
| Proteins | large organic molecules made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. |
| Enzymes | a group of proteins that helps speed up chemical reactions in living things. |
| Nucleic Acids | Long organic compounds made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids contain the instructions that carry out all the functions of life. |
| DNA | The genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. Double Helix: Shape of the DNA molecule |
| Water in cells | Water is needed for most chemical reactions in cells Water helps cells keep their shape. Water helps cells maintain their temperature Water helps cells carry substances in and out of them |
| Multicellular | Made of many cells |
| Unicellular | Made of only ONE cell |
| Specialized cells | Cells that are designed to do specific jobs that help the entire organism function. |
| Cells make | tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make an organism. |
| Passive Transport | When materials go in and out of the cell WITHOUT using energy. |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Osmosis | The movement of WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Selectively permeable | means some substances can cross the membrane while others cannot. |
| Active transport | When materials go in and out of the cell using energy. |
| Endocytosis | The cell changes shape and engulfs the particle. |
| Exocytosis | The reverse process, which allows large particles to exit the cell. |
| Interphase | Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and it's copy (sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at the end of this phase. |
| Prophase | The start of mitosis Centroles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell spindle fibers form between the poles. |
| Metaphase | Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers |
| Anaphase | Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite sides of the cell |
| Telophase | Two new nuclei form Chromosomes appear as chromatin ( threads rather than rods) Mitosis ends |
| Cytokensis | Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells each with it's own nucleus with identical chromosomes |
| RULE #1 | Must be made of Cells |
| RULE # 2 | Must be organized: Organization – cells specialize to perform specific functions. Levels: cells make tissue, tissue makes organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms. |
| multicellular | made of many specialized cells |
| unicellular | made of only 1 cell |
| RULE # 4 Homeostasis | organism’s response to the environment that keeps conditions suitable for life |
| RULE # 5 | Growth and Development |
| asexual | all or part of the organism is used to make a new organism, offspring are genetically identical to parent |
| sexual | two cells from different individuals combine to form the first cells of a new organism, traits are inherited from both parents |
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