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A&Pathophysiology!
A&P, pathology, body systems, competition training
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| superior | above, towards head |
| cephalad | Towards the head |
| inferior | Below |
| Transversal plane | Horizontal plane that cuts the body into superior and inferior sections |
| Anterior | In front of, before |
| Posterior | Behind |
| Frontal/Coronal plane | Divides body into anterior and inferior sections |
| mid-sagittal plane | Vertical plane that divides the body equally into left and right sections |
| sagittal plane | Any plane parallel to mid-sagittal plane; cuts the body into unequal left and right portions |
| midline | Line that cuts the body equally into left and right sections |
| plane | a construct that divides the body; used for crossections, etc |
| ventral | Towards belly |
| dorsal | Towards back side |
| medial | Towards midline |
| lateral | Away from the midline |
| proximal | Towards from the point of attachment/origin/trunk |
| Distal | Away from the point of attachment/origin/trunk |
| parietal | pertaining to the walls of an organ |
| visceral | Covering of an organ |
| Dorsal cavity contains | Cranial cavity, spinal cavity |
| Dorsal cavity = control | contains the parts of the nervous system that coordinates rest of the body’s functions |
| Ventral cavity = homeostasis | Contains the parts of the body involved with maintenance of homeostasis |
| Ventral cavity contains | thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity |
| thoracic cavity | chest; 1st subdivision of the ventral cavity, surrounded by ribcage |
| Thoracic cavity contains | Pericardial cavity, medistantium cavity, pleural cavities |
| Pleural cavities | Membrane that hold each lung |
| Medistantium cavity | Space between pleural cavities |
| Medistantium cavity contains (6) | heart in pericardial sac, thymus gland, lymph and blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, nerves |
| pericardial cavity | membrane sac around the heart |
| Abdominopelvic cavity contains (7) | Stomach Liver and gallbladder Kidneys Intestines Spleen Pancreas |
| Cranial cavity | Contains brain |
| Spinal cavity | Contains spinal cord |
| What’s the order/structure of the units in the body? | cells make up tissues make up organs make up organ systems make up organisms |
| Tissue | A collection of different cells |
| Organ | cells integrated into a tissue that is specialized for a particular function |
| Organ system | Grouping of organs that perform interconnected functions |
| 4 categories of Tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve |
| Epithelial tissue (structure and function) | Structure: 1-2 layers of cells, minimal intercellular connection Function: protects and covers organs, works in skin |
| Connective tissue (structure and function) | Structure: different types of protein-fiber producing cells (elastin, collagen) embedded in matrix of intercellular material Function: binds and supports other tissues and organs, highly specialized to a task |
| Muscle tissue (structure and function) | Structure: elongated cells Function: generate movement by contraction |
| 3 Types Of Muscle Tissue | smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary, pulls on bones to generate movement |
| smooth muscle | involuntary, pushes food along intestines to digestive tract pushes blood to/from heart in arteries and veins |
| cardiac muscle | special type of smooth muscle only found in heart |
| Nervous tissue | Composed of nerve cells; nerve cells form coordinated network of fibers that connect senses to motor movement |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease (cause, signs and symptoms) | - caused by untreated streptococcus - rheumatic fever develops 2-4 weeks post infection - streptococcus bacteria releases toxins that elicit immune response - signs: narrowed biscuspid valve, endocarditis |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease (risk factors, treatment) | - younger children - antibiotic treatment |
| Endocarditis | inflammation of endocardium |
| endocardium | first layer of the heart wall |
| Myocarditis | inflammation of myocardium - can lead to myocardial infarction (MI) |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium - typically caused by bacterial infection |
| congential | from / at birth |
| How much blood does skin contain? | 1/3 blood of the body |
| appendages of the skin | hair, nails, sebaceous (sebum, oil) glands, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, ceruminous (wax) glands |
| 4 Functions of the Skin (TSPS) | Sensation, Protection, Thermoregulation, Secretion |
| epidermis is composed of what type of tissue? | epithelial tissue |
| what type of cells are in epidermis | squamous, stratified, keratinized cells |
| keratinization | cells lose their nucleus and die, become hard and brittle, fill with keratin (protein material) |
| keratin | protein material, found in hair, nails, skin |
| desmosomes | highly interlocking cellular links, connect epithelial tissue |
| How does epidermal cell regeneration work? | as new cells undergo mitosis deep within the skin, they push up older cells towards surface |
| What happens as older epithelial cells move up to the skin's surface? | cells change in shape and chemical composition = loss of water = cells die = keratinization |
| What process creates the layers of the epidermis? | keratinization |
| another name for layers of epidermis | stratum, strata |
| 5 strata of epidermis | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum, granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum |
| stratum corneum is also known as the _____ layer | horny, leathery |
| stratum lucidum is also known as the _____ layer | clear |
| stratum granulosum is also known as the _____ layer | grainy |
| stratum spinosum is also known as the _____ layer | spiny, prickly |
| stratum germinativum is also known as the _____ layer | regeneration |
| What epithelial stratum is: the physical barrier to light and heat waves, microorganisms, and most chemicals? | corneum |
| Which epithelial stratum is: 1-2 layers thick, composed of transparent and flat cells | lucidum |
| Which epithelial stratum: has thickness relative to abrasions | corneum |
| In which epithelial stratum have all the desmosomes completely broken apart? | corneum |
| This epithelial stratum has several layers of spiny shaped, polyhedron like cells. | spinsoum |
| Which epithelial stratum is notable because the desmosomes are still active? | spinosum |
| Which epithelial stratum has 2-3 layers of cells with active keratinization? | granulosum |
| Why is the stratum germinativum the most important layer of the skin? | it contains the only cells of epidermis that undergo mitosis |
| Epidermis can regenerate as long as...? | the stratum germinativum is intact |
| The stratum germinativum is connected to this layer (stratum basal) | basal layer |
| Which epithelial stratum contain melanocytes and melanin? | germinativum |
| melanocytes | narrowed cells responsible for skin color, produces melanin |
| melanin | responsible for variations in skin color |
| All races have the same number of (skin color cells)? | All races have the same number of melanocytes |
| What two things causes variations in skin color? | Genes that dictate how active melanocytes are (how much melanin is produced) and exposure to sunlight |
| Exposure to sunlight can ____ melanocytes | activate |
| calluses | thickened parts of epidermis/skin caused by abrasions |
| corns | abrasions on the bony prominences of the foot |
| alibinism | caused by recessive gene, leads to absence of melanin |
| Dermis is also known as.... | the corium/true skin |
| 2 parts of the dermis | papillary portion, reticular portion |
| papillary portion | directly adjacent (beneath) epidermis |
| reticular portion | between papillary portion and fatty subcutaneous tissue |
| Dermis is... | dense connective tissue with tough white collagen fibers and yellow elastin |
| Subcutaneous tissue is also known as... | subcutaneous fascia |
| Dermis contains | blood and lymph vessels, nerves, smooth muscles, sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands |
| subcut. tissue is composed of | adipose tissue: sheet of areolar tissue with fat |
| subcut. tissue function | connects dermis to underlying bone/muscle |
| receptor sites | in skin, detect external environment for changes in temperature and pressure. connect to sensory neurons in brain for interpretation |
| protection function of the skin | protects skin from light and heat waves (harmful UV), microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, virus), most chemicals |
| melanin protects from... | UV rays |
| hair as protection | insulator, protects nose and eyes from foreign particles |
| lipid content function | no excess water or electrolyte loss |
| acidic pH of skin | protects from most microorganisms and bacteria |
| secretion function of skin | secretes sebum (moisture, antifungal and antibacterial properties) and sweat (coolant and excretion) |
| sweat function in skin | coolant for Thermoregulation, excretes waste products such as urea, ammonia, uric acid |
| secretion | beneficial, keeps in the body |
| excretion | takes out unnecessary or harmful waste, toxins, could be harmful |
| vasoconstiction | blood vessels become smaller when it's cold to keep in heat |
| vasodilation | blood vessels become bigger when it's hot to cool off body |
| macules | flat spots on the skin, like freckles |
Created by:
Maarmalade
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