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Fritzson Michel
Physiology Weeks 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the role of myelin in nerve signal transmission? | Myelin acts as an insulator for nerve fibers, speeding up the transmission of electrical signals along the axon. |
| How do action potentials propagate along a neuron? | Action potentials propagate along a neuron by a series of depolarization and repolarization events along the axonal membrane. |
| What are the primary functions of the central nervous system (CNS)? | The CNS, composed of the brain and spinal cord, controls most functions of the body and mind, including sensory data processing, thought, memory, and coordination. |
| Describe the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). | The sympathetic division prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, while the parasympathetic division promotes "rest and digest" functions. |
| How do rod and cone cells in the retina differ in function? | Rod cells are responsible for vision in low light conditions, while cone cells detect color and are active in bright light. |
| Explain the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation. | The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, regulating many bodily functions including temperature, hunger, and hormone release. |
| Describe the path of blood through the heart, starting from the right atrium. | Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then to the lungs for oxygenation, back to the left atrium, into the left ventricle, and out to the body. |
| What are the components of blood, and what roles do they play? | Blood consists of red blood cells (transport oxygen), white blood cells (immune response), platelets (clotting), and plasma (transport nutrients, hormones, and waste). |
| How does the lymphatic system contribute to immune function? | The lymphatic system helps to filter out foreign particles and is integral to the immune response by transporting lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells. |
| What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity? | Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, non-specific and immediate, while adaptive immunity is specific and slower, involving memory cells. |
| Explain the process of gas exchange in the alveoli. | Gas exchange in the alveoli occurs by diffusion, where oxygen passes from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli to be exhaled. |
| What role does hemoglobin play in oxygen transport? | Hemoglobin, found in red blood cells, binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to tissues throughout the body. |
| What are the main stages of digestion, and where do they occur? | The main stages of digestion are ingestion (mouth), mechanical digestion (chewing, stomach churning), chemical digestion (enzymes), absorption (small intestine), and elimination (large intestine). |
| How are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine? | Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine through villi and microvilli, which increase the surface area for nutrient absorption into the bloodstream. |
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fritzsonmichel
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