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Unit 1-Chapter 2
Chemical Basis of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is a knowledge of chemistry essential to understanding physiology? | Chemicals make up our cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Chemical reactions within our bodies keep us alive, functioning properly and in homeostasis |
| What is biochemistry? | Biochemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on the chemistry of living organisms. A field of life science. |
| What is the relationship between matter and elements? | All living and non-living things are composed of matter, which includes solids, liquids, and gases. All elements are made of matter. |
| Which elements are most common in the human body? | The 4 most common elements are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Together, they make up about 95% of the human body. |
| Why is water important in the study of the human body? | Water makes up the majority of our body fluids. It is also a transport medium for other chemicals in the body via circulation, and it helps with temperature regulation. |
| Where are electrons, protons, and neutrons located within an atom? | Protons and neutrons are found in the centrally located nucleus of an atom, while electrons are in constant motion in electron shells around the nucleus. |
| What is an isotope? | atoms with the same atomic numbers but with different mass numbers Isotopes contain different numbers of neutrons, but same number of protons and electrons. |
| What is atomic radiation? | Atomic radiation is the energy or the fragments of matter emitted from the unstable nuclei of certain isotopes. |
| What is radioactive isotopes? | isotopes with unstable nuclei |
| Distinguish between a molecule and a compound. | Molecule: Particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine Compound: Particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine |
| What is an ion? | An ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, or a molecule containing such an atom. Because of the gain or loss of electrons, an ion will have either a net negative charge or a net positive charge. |
| Describe two ways that atoms may combine with other atoms. | ionic bonds - An electrically charged atom that gains or loses (shared) electrons to become stable covalent bonds - Strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons |
| What is a molecular formula? | A molecular formula shows the types of atoms in a particular molecule |
| What is a structural formula? | A structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, and uses lines to represent pairs of shared electrons. |
| Distinguish between an ion and a polar molecule. | Ion: is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, or a molecule. unequal protons and electrons (-/+) Polar molecule: has equal numbers of protons and electrons, so there is no net charge. one slightly negative end, one slightly positive end |
| Nonpolar covalent bonds | covalent bonds in which atoms share electrons equally |
| Polar covalent bonds | Covalent bonds in which electrons are not shared equally |
| Synthesis Reaction | more complex chemical structure is formed (A+B>AB) |
| Decomposition Reaction | chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure (AB>A+B) |
| Exchange Reaction | chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed (AB+CD > AD+CB) |
| Reversible Reaction | the products can change back to the reactants (A+B <-> AB) |
| What does the pH scale measure? | pH scale measure: Hydrogen ion concentration can be measured in grams of ions per liter of solution |
| What is a buffer? | A buffer is a chemical that resists or minimizes pH changes. Buffer components bind to H+ ions when they are present in excess, and release them when they are deficient. |
| Compare the characteristics of an acid, a base, and a salt. | An acid releases hydrogen ions into solution. A base releases ions that combine with hydrogen ions in solution. A salt is an electrolyte that is formed by the reaction between an acid and a base, during which water is also formed |
| What are the general differences between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? | Organic substances contain carbon and hydrogen Inorganic molecules usually have simpler structures. |
| What is the difference between an electrolyte and a nonelectrolyte? | An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates in water to release ions, whereas a nonelectrolyte may dissolve in water, but it does not dissociate into ions. |
| Define electrolyte balance. | Balance is a general term describing the condition in which input and output are equal, especially with respect to the internal environment. |
| Carbohydrates | consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with approximately a 2 to 1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms. |
| Lipids (triglycerides) | consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but they contain a much higher ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms. Some lipids also contain phosphorus |
| Proteins | mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but they also contain nitrogen, and some contain sulfur. |
| Nucleic acids | consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. |
| How does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction? | An enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction, meaning that it greatly increases the reaction rate, without being used up in the process. |
| What is likely to happen to a protein molecule exposed to intense heat or radiation? | likely to irreversibly change its shape, or conformation, a process called denaturation |
| DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid | • Stores the genetic code • Contains the sugar deoxyribose • Structure—double helix • Composed of nucleotides |
| RNA: Ribonucleic acid | • Interacts with DNA to conduct protein synthesis • Contains the sugar ribose • Structure—single stranded • Composed of nucleotides |
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Ldiaz2449
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