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Aircraft Structures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primary considerations for aircraft structures? | To keep weight low while maintaining structural integrity. |
| Name some considerations during the design of aircraft structures? | Strength, weight, aerodynamics, support, maintaining structural integrity. |
| What are the main stresses imposed on aircraft? | Compression, tension, torsion (torque), bending, shear. |
| What stresses are a applied to a part when bent? | Compression and tension. |
| What is the primary aircraft structure? | Fuselage. |
| The fuselage is the ____________ structure that houses ________, _________, __________ and determines all _______________ . | Primary, crew, passengers, cargo, attachments. |
| Name various types of fuselage? | Truss, monocoque, semi monocoque. |
| Characteristics of truss type fuselage? | 4130 tubing formed in W shapes to give the aircraft shape, length, width and height. |
| What two truss types of fuselage are commonly used in aviation? | Warren and Pratt. |
| What type of structure uses the skin as the primary component for the structural integrity of the aircraft? | Monocoque. |
| ______________ are used to provide shape to the aircraft structure? | Formers. |
| _______________ a stronger _____________ wall utilized in _________ and ______________ zones. | Bulkheads, solid, fire, pressurization. |
| The part of the aircraft that is designed to carry a load or resist stress? | Structural member. |
| How is tensile strength measured? | Pounds per square inch PSI |
| What wings require no external bracing? | Cantilever. |
| The main internal parts of the wing structure are? | Ribs, spars, stringers. |
| Spars are to wings as _______________ are to the fuselage? | longerons. |
| What is the purpose of a longeron? | Usually placed in the four corners of the fuselage that join the formers together. |
| The _________ is the vertical section and the _______ are the horizontal sections of an I beam spar? | Web, caps. |
| Ailerons provide ____________ stability and move the aircraft about the _______________ axis. | Lateral, longitudinal. |
| Elevators provide ______________ stability and move the aircraft about the ____________ axis. | Longitudinal, lateral. |
| The rudders provide _____________ stability and move the aircraft about the ___________ axis. | Longitudinal (directional), Vertical. |
| The primary control surfaces are? | Ailerons, Elevator, Rudder. |
| Secondary control surface that increases the wing area to increase lift is known as? | Fowler flaps. |
| ___________ extend out of the leading edge and increase __________ and _______ to ____________ the stall speed for landings and takeoffs. | Slats, camber, lift reduce. |
| Describe the purpose of a spoiler? | Disrupts airflow and reduce lift to produce a controlled decent. |
| What is the location on the aircraft from which all other stations are located? | Reference datum or zero station. |
| Firewalls are typically made from? | Stainless steel or titanium. |
| Balancing of primary flight controls is necessary to prevent? | Vibration and flutter. |
| Teetering hinges on a semi rigid system allow for movement of the flap ________ and _______ while preventing movement _________ and ___________. | Up, down, back, forth. |
| What are the main structural members of a wing? | Spars. |
| Describe tension? | The stress that resists something pulling apart. |
| Describe torsion? | The stress that resists something twisting or torquing. |
| Shear is __________ to or __________ than its tension or compression strength. | equal, less |
| What is the common wing construction used in transport category aircraft? | Box beam. |
| Ribs are stamped with holes to provide what? | Lightening and rigidity. |
| What are the three main fuel tank designs? | Integral (wet wing), Bladder, Rigid removable. |
| How are fowler flaps actuated? | On a track with a worm drive. |
| What are used on wing upper surfaces to prevent separation of the boundary layer? | Vortex generators. |
| Do leading and trailing edge flaps operate independently of each other? | No. |
| Conventional gear is also known as? | tail wheel gear. |
| What are the two main landing gear systems? | Conventional (tail wheel), Tricycle. |
| What are the causes of blade flutter? | An out of balance control surface. |
| What is done to prevent flutter? | Re balancing of flight controls and placing control hinges well aft of the leading edge. |
| Why are rotors of a helicopter considered part of the airframe? | Because they are considered rotating wings. |
| Define strain? | Deformation or change in shape of an object due to applied stress. |
| What are the main structural members of a truss framed fuselage? | Beams, struts, bars. |
| What are truss framed aircraft covered with? | Fabric. |
| What is the biggest problem associated with monocoque type fuselages? | Lack of strength due to skin being primary load carrying member. |
| How does the semi monocoque fuselage differ from the monocoque? | Longerons and stringers added for strength. |
| What does the constant pressurizing and de pressurizing of pressurized aircraft cause? | metal fatigue known as oil canning |
| What are the common components a nacelle houses? | Engine mounts, firewalls, access panels and cowlings, cowl flaps. |
| What are the function of slots and where are they located? | Located on the outer leading edge of the wing increases lift and control at slow speeds and high angle of attack. |
| What is the function of a balance tab? | Reduces the force needed to move a primary flight control by deflecting automatically in the opposite direction through linkages. |
| What causes a ground loop on conventional landing gear? | A shift of the C of G after swerve on landing due to the tail wheel being aft of the center of gravity. |
| The NOTAR anti torque system has an engine driven ______ instead of a tail rotor. _______ is vented out of ________ resulting in an anti torque thrust. | Fan, air, slots |
| Name some common dual purpose controls? | Stabilator, Ruddervator, Flaperons, Spoilerons. |
| A stabilator combines the ________________ with the ____________. | horizontal stab, elevator. |
| A ruddervator combines the ______________ with the ______________. | rudders, elevators. |
| Flaperons combine the _______________ with __________. | Ailerons, flaps. |
| What is done to correct the unequal amount of drag on each wing during a roll? | Incorporate differential aileron control. |
| Where are spoilers located? | On the upper surface of the wing. |
| Name the two types of spoilers used? | Flight and Ground. |
| Operation of ground spoilers in the air are prevent by the? | WOW switch. |
| __________ are openings at the _____________ edge they equalize air pressure at ___ ______ to prevent ________________. | Slots, leading, hi AOA, stalling. |
| Where are slots usually located? | Mid to outboard wing leading edge. |
| What are the common type of flaps and how do they differentiate between each other? | Plain flaps form the trailing edge of the wing, Split flaps are under the trailing edge of the wing, Fowler flaps lower and slide the trialing edge aft. |
| Flaps _______________ camber of the wing to improve _________ at low air speeds. | Increase, lift. |
| Dissymmetry of lift causes blades to? | Flap (to compensate for dissymmetry). |
| Other than housing and protecting the engines nacelles and cowlings primary importance is? | Aerodynamics. |
| What is the main benefit of a conventional landing gear? | Allows clearance for larger props. |
| What is the purpose of a landing gear jury strut? | Stabalizes and supports the main landing gear strut. |
| The measurement for the waterline is _________________ to the horizon? | Perpendicular. |
| What is the purpose of a stall strip? | Intentionally stalls the inboard side of the wing to allow the pilot to feel the stall and correct it before the whole wing stalls. |
| The study that calculates the loads that every part of an aircraft must carry is known as? | Stress analysis. |
| A materials internal resistance or counterforce that opposes deformation is called? | Stress |
| The angle that is made between the fuselage and the horizontal plane of the wing? | Wing dihedral. |
| Where are wing butt ribs located? | Forward of the front spar. |
| How is the load transferred from the wing and stringers to the spars? | Ribs. |
| What is a common design feature of ailerons to prevent flutter? | Hinge points aft of the leading edge. |
| Can leading edge flaps and slats be operated independently of the flaps? | No. |
| Spoilers are deployed fully on both wings only on the ___________ to act as ________ ________. | Ground, Speed brakes. |
| ____________ __________ is a measurement forward or aft of the front spar and perpendicular to the water line. | Nacelle station. |
| How are main rotors of helicopters classified? | Blade attachment and motion relative to hub. |
| How is the pitch of the rotor blades changed in a rigid rotor system? | Feathering hinges. |
| Shear is the stress that? | Resists the force tending to cause one layer of a material to slide over another. |
| Monocoque relies primarily on the strength of the __________ to carry the loads? | Skin. |
| The internal components of a wing that run span wise are? | Spars and stringers. |
| The internal components of a wing that run chord wise are? | Ribs and formers. |
| What are the three fundamental wing designs? | Monospar, multispar, boxbeam. |
| Name the main types of flaps? | Plain, split, slotted, fowler. |
| What are the characteristics of a slotted flap? | Fore mid and aft flap extend out that leave gaps to increase laminar airflow on top surface of the wing. |
| What are the main difference between trim, balance, anti balance and servo tabs? | trim and balance reduce force, anti increases feel and servo provides the force to move primary flight controls. |
| When aircraft controls are to sensitive an ________ ________ ____ is utillized to give more feeling to the controls. | anti servo tab |
| What flight control feature is used on the top of the wing to prevent spanwise and create chord wise airflow? | Stall fence. |
| What reference points are a vertical line to the left or right of the center of the aircraft? | Buttockline |
| The height reference line perpendicular to the horizontal plane? | Waterline. |
| What are the main reference points/stations on an aircraft? | Fuselage stations from the datum, Waterline, Buttock line, Aileron, Flap, Nacelle stations. |
| What type of flap will increase camber and surface area of the wing? | Fowler flaps. |
| What is the purpose of differential aileron control? | |
| All trim tabs deflect opposite of the primary flight control accept? | Anti servo tab. |
| What is the purpose of winglets? | Reduce drag and increase fuel economy by reducing wing tip vortices. |
| What causes wing tip vortices? | High pressure air traveling around the tip of the wing trying to equalize with the low pressure. |
| What secondary flight controls are not associated with the function of a primary flight control? | Slats and flaps. |
| What is the primary function of a fairing? | Reduce drag and improve aerodynamics. |
| Where are the limits for flight control travel found? | TCDS or AMM. |
| Trim tabs move _____________ of the primary flight control and are _____ by the pilot with an ______________ linkage. ____________ ___________ the aircraft in flight. | Opposite, Set, independent, statically balances. |
| Balance tabs move _____________ the primary flight control and __________ move with a ___________ linkage. Aids in _____________ the force needed to move the flight control. | Opposite, automatically coupled, overcoming. |
| Servo tabs move ____________ of the primary flight control. _________ linked to the input device. _____________ positions surfaces the require to much force to move. | Opposite, directly, aerodynamically. |
| Anti balance/servo tabs move _________ direction as the primary flight control _________ linked to the primary control ____________ the force needed to move the primary flight control. | Opposite, directly, increases. |
| Spring tabs move _________ of the primary flight control. Enables surfaces to be moved at __________ _________ flight. | Opposite, high speed. |
| Typical types of damage found on cables are? | Broken strands, Distortion, Corrosion, Wear. |
| In what areas are cables prone to wear? | Around pulleys, fairleads or within 1 foot of a swaged end fitting. |
Created by:
g153511
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