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Alexander Nicodemus
Human Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify four main chemical classes of neurotransmitter | acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). |
| Explain neural networks, including their function. | Neural networks are vast collections of functionally related neurons that work together to carry out specific tasks., and can exhibit convergence and divergence, which allow for integration and processing of complex information. |
| Disorders of nerve signaling. | Include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and peripheral neuropathy. |
| Explain neural a networks function, development. | They develop through a combination of genetic programming and experience-dependent plasticity |
| Continuous propagation of an action potential | Continuous propagation of an action potential involves the propagation of the signal along the entire length of the axon, |
| Electrical synapses | Electrical synapses involve direct transfer of ions from one neuron to another. |
| The mechanism of conduction of an action potential across a synapse. | Conduction of an action potential across a synapse involves the release of neurotransmitters, their binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, and the opening of ion channels in response |
| Spatial summation | Spatial summation involves the addition of postsynaptic potentials from multiple synapses. |
| Explain how memories are formed. | Memories are formed through changes in the strength and connectivity of synapses, a process known as synaptic plasticity. |
| Saltatory Conduction | Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons and involves the jumping of the signal from node to node. |
| Chemical synapses | Chemical synapses involve the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. |
| Temporal summation | Temporal summation involves the addition of postsynaptic potentials that occur close together in time. |
| Sequence of events in an action potential. | A stimulus causes depolarization of the membrane, => opening of voltage-gated ion channels => an influx of sodium ions =>further depolarization => opening of potassium channel => repolarization => restoration of membrane potential. |
| Define membrane potential | Membrane potential refers to the voltage difference across a cell membrane due to the uneven distribution of ions. |
| characteristics of resting membrane potentials | Resting membrane potential is the voltage across a neuron's membrane when it is not transmitting signals |
| characteristics of local membrane potentials | local potentials are changes in voltage that occur in response to a stimulus. |
| Three characteristics of skeletal muscle cells that allow them to function | Contractibility, Excitability, Extensibility. |
| 1. Contractibility characteristics of skeletal muscle cells: | Skeletal muscle cells have the unique ability to contract and generate force. This is due to the presence of specialized protein fibers called myofilaments. Composed of actin and myosin, slide past each other and cause the contraction of the muscle cell. |
| 2. Excitability characteristics of skeletal muscle cells: | Skeletal muscle cells are excitable, meaning they are able to respond to electrical impulses or signals. This allows for the coordinated contraction of individual muscle cells which forms a single force-generating unit called a motor unit. |
| 3. Extensibility characteristics of skeletal muscle cells: | Skeletal muscle cells are able to stretch and be extended to a certain degree. This characteristic is important for movement as it permits the muscle to be pulled to its full length before it begins to generate force. |
| Four types of tissue membranes that epithelial and connective tissues combine to form. | The four types of tissue membranes which are formed by the combination of epithelial and connective tissues. are mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes, |
| Relate how connective tissue establishes the framework of the body. | Connective tissue provides structural support for the body, including forming the framework for organs, muscles, and bones. |
| How injuries affect the tissue of the body. | Injuries can affect tissues by causing inflammation, tissue damage, and cell death. The healing process involves the proliferation of new cells and connective tissue then repairs the damage |
| Define the term articulation | Articulation refers to the junction between two bones, typically involving a joint |
| classify joints structurally and functionally | Structurally fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Functionally as synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses. |
| Types of fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints and give an example of each. | Fibrous joints include sutures in the skull and syndesmoses between bones of the forearm, while cartilaginous joints include the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis. |
| The 3 generalized functions of skeletal muscle tissue. | voluntary movement, stabilization of joints, and generation of body heat |
| Cellular respiration | Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP and carbon dioxide. This process is important for providing energy for cellular processes. |
| How genes control protein synthesis and determine hereditary characteristics. | Genes control protein synthesis by providing the code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein. This code is translated into a protein by the process of transcription and translation. |
| The growth phase of the cell life cycle. | The growth phase of the cell life cycle involves DNA replication and preparation for cell division. |
| Four distinct phases of mitosis | The four phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| Meiosis as well as the regulation of a cell life cycle. . | Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Regulation of the cell life cycle ensures that cell division occurs at the appropriate times and rates |
| 4 major types of tissue in the body | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue, |
| Connective tissues | is classified based on the extracellular matrix between the cells, such as loose or dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, or blood. |
| Active transport mechanisms | require energy to move materials across a membrane, such as the sodium-potassium pump, which moves sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Involves the movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of a transport protein. |
| Filtration of molecules | is the movement of molecules across a membrane due to pressure differences |
| Osmosis is | the movement of water across a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. |
| Diffusion is | the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, |
| Simple diffusion is | diffusion across a membrane. |
| Dialysis is | the diffusion of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane. |
| ATP / Reaction for release of energy from ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that stores and releases energy as needed. The reaction for release of energy from ATP involves the hydrolysis of a phosphate group to release energy and yield ADP (adenosine diphosphate). |
| DNA | DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides and serves as the genetic material, |
| RNA | RNA is typically single-stranded and plays a role in protein synthesis. |
| Three types of carbohydrates: | Monosaccharides such as glucose, Disaccharides such as sucrose, Polysaccharides such as starch. |
| Lipids include | triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol, |
| Lipid functions | In energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and hormone synthesis, respectively. |
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alexandern2917
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