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Physiology Weeks 1-6
Physiology MidTerm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four primary types of tissues in the body? | Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. |
| What is the main function of epithelial tissue? | Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands. It functions in protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration. |
| What are the main components of connective tissue? | Cells, fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular), and ground substance (together forming the extracellular matrix). |
| What are the three types of cartilage, and where are they found? | Hyaline cartilage (nose, trachea), elastic cartilage (ear, epiglottis), and fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee). |
| What factors affect bone growth and remodeling? | Nutrition (especially calcium and vitamin D), hormones (growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones), and physical activity. |
| What is the epiphyseal plate and its significance? | The epiphyseal plate is a region of growing cartilage in long bones; it allows for the lengthening of bones during childhood and adolescence. |
| What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow? | Red marrow is involved in blood cell production, while yellow marrow stores fat. |
| What are the two types of bone tissue? | Compact bone and spongy bone. |
| What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system? | The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. |
| What bones are included in the axial skeleton? | The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (ribs and sternum). |
| What is the purpose of intervertebral discs? | To absorb shock and allow for flexibility of the spine. |
| What bones make up the appendicular skeleton? | The limbs (arms and legs) and the girdles (pectoral and pelvic girdles) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. |
| What are the three structural classifications of joints? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. |
| What are the six types of synovial joints? | Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints. |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue in the body? | Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. |
| What are the main functions of muscle tissue? | Movement, posture maintenance, joint stabilization, and heat generation. |
| What is the sliding filament theory? | The sliding filament theory explains how muscle fibers contract by actin filaments sliding over myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere. |
| What are the steps in excitation-contraction coupling? | Acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane, calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and interaction of actin and myosin leading to muscle contraction. |
| What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? | The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
| What are the functional classifications of neurons? | Sensory (afferent) neurons, motor (efferent) neurons, and interneurons (association neurons). |
| What are the four major regions of the brain? | Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. |
| What is the function of the blood-brain barrier? | To protect the brain by preventing harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain tissue. |
| What are the two main subdivisions of the PNS? | The sensory (afferent) division and the motor (efferent) division. |
| What are the components of a reflex arc? | Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector. |
| What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? | The sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. |
| What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS? | The sympathetic division prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, while the parasympathetic division promotes "rest and digest" functions. |
| What is the primary function of the endocrine system? | To regulate body processes through the release of hormones. |
| What are the major endocrine glands in the human body? | Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries and testes). |
| What are the three major types of blood vessels? | Arteries, veins, and capillaries. |
| What is the role of the capillaries in the circulatory system? | Capillaries are the site of exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between the blood and tissues. |
Created by:
CGroeneveld
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