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PN Cert Ch.2
Precision Nutrition Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gastroinestinal tract | the long tube through the body composed of stomach and intestines |
| bile | fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder ultimately secreted into the small intestine to alkalinize and emulsify foodstuffs |
| enterocyte | absorptive cell of the intestine |
| villi | small projections covering the surface of the mucus membrane lining the small intesting, through which nutrients and fluids are absorbed |
| amylase | of pancreatic and salivary origin, this enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into smaller compounds |
| lipase | catalyzes the splitting of fats into glycerol and fatty acids |
| epiglottis | lid-like cartilaginous structure suspended over the entrance of the larynx; swallowing closes the opening to the trachea by placing the larynx against the epiglottis |
| lower espophageal sphincter | also known as the cardiac sphincter, a thick, muscular ring surrounding the opening between the esophagus and stomach |
| gastroesophageal reflux | condition in which acidic stomach contents flow back into the espophagus |
| peristalsis | waves of involuntary muscle contraction moving the contents of the GI tract forward |
| chyme | partly digested food formed as a semi-fluid mass |
| pyloric sphincter | thick, muscular ring of mucus membrane surrounding the opening between the stomach and the duodenum |
| hiatal hernia | protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm |
| hydrochloric acid | solution of hydrogen chloride in water; found in gastric juice |
| ilocecal valve | two folds of mucus membrane that form a valve between the large intestine (illeum) and the small intestine (cecum) |
| pancreas | large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon |
| enterohepatic circulation | circulation of blood between the intestine and the liver |
| short chain fatty acid | fatty acid with fewer than 8 carbons that are taken up directly through the portal vein, and are produced and fiber is fermented in the colon |
| prebiotic | compound that is not digested but rather fermented by microflora and stimulates growth of healthy bacteria in the GI tract |
| probiotic | live microorganisms that help to restore beneficial bacteria in the GI tract |
| hepatic portal system | veins that carry blood from the capillaries of the stomach, intestine, pancreas, and spleen to the liver |
| exocrine | secretion, such as saliva or bile, released outside its source by a duct |
| endocrine | secretion, such as a hormone, distributed in the body by the bloodstream |
| glucoregulatory hormone | hormone that balances blood glucose levels, such as glucagon or insulin |
| gastrin | 54 |
| secretin | 54 |
| cholecystokinin | 54 |
| gastric inhibitory polypeptide | 54 |
| motilin | 55 |
| somatostatin | 55 |
| peptide YY | 55 |
| ghrelin | 55 |
| neurotransmitters | substance that transmits nerve impulses across as synapse |
| neuromuscular junction | junction of an efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fiber cell membrane |
| parasympathetic nervous system | part of the autonomic nervous system that controls secretions and the tone of smooth muscle, along with cardiac muscle activity |
| microvilli | microscopic hair structures that increase the surface area of cells; many are found in the GI tract |
| intestinal brush border | all of the villi that form a brush-like border inside the intestine |
| simple diffusion | spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible |
| active transport | movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy and enzymes |
| concentration gradient | difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two areas |
| peptic ulcer | found on the wall of the duodenum or stomach, this ulcer results when gastric juices and H. pylori (bacteria) combine |
| emesis | vomiting |
| inflammatory bowel disease | inflammation-based disorder of the intestinal tract, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis |
| food intolerances | adverse reaction induced by food |
| glycogen | chief source of stored glucose in selected tissues |
| first pass metabolism | when a substance is swallowed and absorbed, it first travels to the hepatic portal system for metabolism by the liver; this first pass can reduce the availability of the substance to the body |
| systemic circulation | when blood travels from the heart to the arteries and capillaries, exchanging oxygen for CO2 and returning via the veins to the heart for pulmonary circulation |
| transamination | the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha-keto acid |
| acetyl-CoA | co-enzyme that plays a role in intermediary metabolism; can enter the Krebs cycle to produce energy and be used for fatty acid synthesis |
| ketone body | either acetoacetic acid, acetone or betahydroxybutyric acid with a carbonyl group attached to two carbon atoms |
| blood-brain barrier | natural barrier formed by brain capillaries that prevents substances from leaving the blood and entering brain tissue |
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